Synthesis of Sporidesmin Based Antigens

<p>In a program aimed at developing a chemically derived vaccine against sporidesmin-A, the toxin which causes the pasture disease facial eczema, two haptens have been prepared, coupled to protein carriers, and tested for immunogenicity. The hapten, 2-amino-5-chloro-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl alcohol has been synthesised from vanillin and the general synthetic methods developed in the course of this work have been used to prepare a large number of related vanillin derivatives for use in cross-hapten studies. The carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of 16 vanillin derivatives have been obtained, and two independent methods of deducing vanillin substitution patterns have been developed. 5-chloro-6, 7-dimethoxy-N-methyl-lH-indole has been prepared by a new route and its 3-oxoacetic acid derivative has been synthesized for use as a hapten. The Vilsmeier-Haack intermediate, l-methyl-3-(N,N-dimethylimonio) methyl-lH-indole chloride was isolated and a number of possible synthetic routes from it to pyrroloindoles were explored. The vanillin and indole haptens have been coupled to protein carriers to form antigens which generated a low antibody response. However, the use of mycobacterium phlei as a carrier greatly increased the antibody response but the antibodies produced did not interact strongly with sporidesmin-A.</p>

Synthesis of Sporidesmin Based Antigens

<p>In a program aimed at developing a chemically derived vaccine against sporidesmin-A, the toxin which causes the pasture disease facial eczema, two haptens have been prepared, coupled to protein carriers, and tested for immunogenicity. The hapten, 2-amino-5-chloro-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl alcohol has been synthesised from vanillin and the general synthetic methods developed in the course of this work have been used to prepare a large number of related vanillin derivatives for use in cross-hapten studies. The carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of 16 vanillin derivatives have been obtained, and two independent methods of deducing vanillin substitution patterns have been developed. 5-chloro-6, 7-dimethoxy-N-methyl-lH-indole has been prepared by a new route and its 3-oxoacetic acid derivative has been synthesized for use as a hapten. The Vilsmeier-Haack intermediate, l-methyl-3-(N,N-dimethylimonio) methyl-lH-indole chloride was isolated and a number of possible synthetic routes from it to pyrroloindoles were explored. The vanillin and indole haptens have been coupled to protein carriers to form antigens which generated a low antibody response. However, the use of mycobacterium phlei as a carrier greatly increased the antibody response but the antibodies produced did not interact strongly with sporidesmin-A.</p>

РОСЛИННІ ПРОБІОТИКИ: ВПЛИВ НА РОСЛИНИ В УМОВАХ СТРЕСУ

Світове сільське господарство стоїть на порозі нової революції. Агровиробники прагнуть використовувати менше мінеральних добрив та пестицидів і при цьому отримувати високі врожаї. Одим із інструментів, що можуть сприяти цьому, є рослинні пробіотики. Тому мета цієї статті дослідити вплив корисних мікроорганізмів на сільськогосподарські культури, а саме на те які бактерії чи гриби можуть сприяти в боротьбі рослин проти стресу від посухи, засолених ґрунтів чи патогенів. Важливим аспектом дослідження стала також інформація про те, що міроорганізи позитивно впли-вають на поглинання рослинами поживних речовин. Всі ці фактори негативно впливають на вирощування кукурудзи на силос (Zea mays L.), особливо в умовах швидкої зміни клімату. Для проведення дослідження було проаналізовано літера-турні джерела зарубіжних та вітчизняних авторів. В результаті дослідження було з’ясовано, що на стрес від посухи у посівах кукурудзи впливає Azospirillum lipoferum. На засолених ґрунтах рослини кукурудзи краще переживають стрес за інокуляції рослин Pseudomonas syringae, Enterobacter aerogenes, P. fluorescens, Bacillus aquimaris, Serratia liquefaciens, Gracilibacillus, Staphylococcus, Virgibacillus, Salinicoccus, Bacillus, Zhihengliuella, Brevibacterium, Oceanobacillus, Exiguobacterium, Pseudomonas, Arthrobacter, Halomonas та ін. Дію на патогени в посівах кукурудзи виявляють Pseudomonas fluorescens, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium verticillioides, Pseudomonas, Bacillus cereus. На засвоєння рослинами кукурудзи по-живних речовин впливають Pseudomonas alcaligenes, Bacillus polymyxa, Mycobacterium phlei, Burkholderia, Bacillus spp., Herbaspirillum, Enterobacteriales, Streptomyces pseudovenezuelae, Ruminobacter amylophilus, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Enterococcus faecium, Арбускулярні мікоризні гриби, Enterobacter E1S2, Klebsiella MK2R2, Bacillus B2L2, Azospirillum brasilence, Micromonospora, Streptomyces, Bacillus, Hyphomicrobium, Rhizobium, Azohydromonas spp., Azospirillum spp. та інші. Цікавим фактом, що було виявлено в результаті цієї статті стало те, що деякі мікроорганізми можуть виявляти позитивну дію на рослину-госоподаря не лише в одному напрямку як наприклад, Pseudomonas fluorescens.

Tetralone Derivatives From a Deep-Sea-Derived Fungus Cladosporium Sp. HDN17-58

One new tetralone derivative, named aladothalen (1), and one known biogenetically related compound, (3 S,4 S)−3,4,8-trihydroxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2 hours)-one (2), were isolated from a deep-sea-derived-fungal Cladosporium sp. HDN17-58. Their structures, including absolute configurations, were elucidated by extensive NMR, MS, and ECD analyses. Compound 1 exhibited potent bacteriostatic activity against Bacillus cereus, Mycobacterium phlei and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci, with a MIC value of 25 µM.

Antibacterial Cyclic Tripeptides from Antarctica-Sponge-Derived Fungus Aspergillus insulicola HDN151418

Three new aspochracin-type cyclic tripeptides, sclerotiotides M–O (1–3), together with three known analogues, sclerotiotide L (4), sclerotiotide F (5), and sclerotiotide B (6), were obtained from the ethyl acetate extract of the fungus Aspergillus insulicola HDN151418, which was isolated from an unidentified Antarctica sponge. Spectroscopic and chemical approaches were used to elucidate their structures. The absolute configuration of the side chain in compound 4 was elucidated for the first time. Compounds 1 and 2 showed broad antimicrobial activity against a panel of pathogenic strains, including Bacillus cereus, Proteus species, Mycobacterium phlei, Bacillus subtilis, Vibrio parahemolyticus, Edwardsiella tarda, MRCNS, and MRSA, with MIC values ranging from 1.56 to 25.0 µM.

Antibacterial Polyketides from Antarctica Sponge-Derived Fungus Penicillium sp. HDN151272

Three new polyketides, ketidocillinones A–C (1–3), were discovered from the extract of an Antarctica sponge-derived fungus Penicillium sp. HDN151272. All the structures were deduced by spectroscopic data, including NMR and HRESIMS. The absolute configuration of compound 3 was established by using ECD calculation. Compounds 1−3 can be slowly oxidized to quinone form when exposed to air. Ketidocillinones B and C (2 and 3) exhibited potent antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeurigenosa, Mycobacterium phlei, and MRCNS (methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci) with MIC values ranging from 1.56 to 25.00 µg/mL.

Імунобіологічні властивості польових культур атипових мікобактерій

При проведенні симультанного внутрішньошкірного алергічного дослідження 12 голів ВРХ встановили, що вони сенсибілізовані алергенами з атипових мікобактерій. Тварини були клінічно здорові і знаходилися в місцевості, яка є благополучною щодо інфектопатологіі. При бактеріологічному дослідженні коров'ячого гною з передпосівною обробкою біоматеріалу за методом А. П. Алікаєвої вдалося ізолювати культури мікобактерій, які за комплексом характеристик були ідентифіковані як Mycobacterium phlei; M. flavenscen; M. vaccae; M. terra. При дослідженні сенсибілізуючих і патогенних властивостей на мурчаках з'ясували, що всі ізоляти мають виражений сенсибілізуючий потенціал і не викликають патологічних змін в організмі інфікованих тварин. Найбільша інтенсивність алергічних реакцій спостерігалася через 60 діб після інфікування, потім йде спад і звільнення організму від атипових мікобактерій. Ізоляти в організмі білих мишей підвищували неспецифічну резистентність, що було показано при зараженні DCL P. multocida sb. gallicida білих мишей, превентивно інфікованих атиповими мікобактеріями. Найбільшими протективними і пробіотичними потенціями володіла культура M. vaccae.

Cultivation of mycobacterium paratuberculosis

The paper presents a new solid growth medium for the cultivation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis consisting of organic and inorganic ingredients. The study of diagnostic informative value and effectiveness of solid growth media used for cultivation of Mycobacterium Paratuberculosis was carried out in the laboratory conditions. Extract from birch-wood ash of 3% concentration and a growth stimulant of biological origin, peat oxide, were introduced as a mineral salt bases into the developed medium. When constructing the test medium, Lоwenstein–Jensen egg growth medium with the addition of mycobactin, which is an extract from Mycobacterium. phlei and contains substances necessary for the nutrition and reproduction of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis on artificial nutrient media, was used as an analogue. A test on compatibility and solubility of the components was done in distilled water in accordance with the generally accepted guidelines. The duration of observation ranged from 60 to 90 days. A comparison was made between the time of appearance of the primary and intensive growth of mycobacteria of paratuberculosis on the experimental medium and the Lоwenstein–Jensen control medium with mycobactin. Colonies of primary and intensive growth of standardized M. paratuberculosis strain and M. paratuberculosis isolate obtained from the cattle biomaterial on experimental egg growth medium appeared 3-7 days faster than on Lоwenstein–Jensen control medium with mycobactin. When inoculating biomaterial from cattle (lymph nodes and intestine), the primary growth of M. paratuberculosis on the experimental medium was noted 7 days earlier than on the control one, and the intensive growth was 3 days earlier. The experimental growth medium is cheaper and simpler to prepare than Lоwenstein–Jensen control medium with mycobactin, whose preparation is a rather laborious technological process.

Synthesis and Preliminary Evaluation of Benzofuran-Oxadiazole Conjugates as Potential Antitubercular Agents

In the present study, a series of benzofuran-oxadiazole conjugates 7(a-o) was designed, synthesized and characterized through IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectral data. All the compounds were screened for preliminary antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium phlei and Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37RV. Among all the target compounds, the compound possessing chlorine (7k, MIC 1.56 μg/mL) and bromine (7m, MIC 1.56 μg/mL) on 6th position of benzofuran showed highest activity against Mycobacterium phlei. Whereas, bromine on either 5th position (7l, MIC 3.125 μg/mL) or 6th position (7m MIC 3.125 μg/mL) on benzofuran exhibited highest activity for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H37 RV).