INFORMATION SUPPORT OF MARKETING EFFICIENCY OF PRODUCTS FOR VETERINARY MEDICINE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

The experience of leading foreign and domestic companies, enterprises of veterinary medicine confirms the priority role of marketing as a mechanism for generalization and information modeling of the market for products for veterinary medicine and animal husbandry. Marketing organizes and manages the activities of enterprises for the production and sale of products, taking into account the processes and relationships that develop in the market. Market marketing information is a comprehensive knowledge of the market, which includes the study of factors without the knowledge and analysis of which the probability of making an unreasonable or positive payback decision is quite high. Therefore, manufacturers of products for veterinary medicine consider priority price information in the markets of different levels, the level of competitiveness of products and its range, on consumer inquiries. Important is the information for enterprises, market participants, on agricultural policy news, statistical reports on production, processing, sales of competitors' products and prices, commercial offers. In particular, the Agricultural Marketing Project with the support of APK-Inform (Andrushko, 2004; Yarmak, 2004) provides and provides the following information to product manufacturers, respectively market participants, namely: – information on prices that are formed in the product market; – analyze and forecast price trends and the development of the price situation in the market; – information about round tables, exhibitions, seminars, trainings that take place with market participants; – provide statistical data on production, processing, consumption of products, forecast expected changes; – information market participants about price offers from companies that produce or sell products; – information about legislative changes. Information support of marketing tasks is based on the use of both socio-economic and scientific and technical information. The peculiarity of marketing information is the need to study the characteristics of products taking into account the existing and future opportunities of the market, a comprehensive analysis of all its components. However, the use of business information in the management system of processes occurring in market relations, require improvement and modernization of methods of its collection and analysis. The lack of information needed to ensure the completeness of market research is not only because some important data are not collected, respectively, and not analyzed, but also not communicated to consumers. In modern conditions, the orientation of producers of products for veterinary medicine and animal husbandry to the real requirements of the market encourages a new assessment of information marketing links, which will contribute to the effective operation of enterprises based on balanced improvement of product quality, competitiveness, demand and cost haring at all stages.

FATTENING AND MEAT QUALITIES OF GEESE OF OBROSHIN SELECTION WITH GRAY AND WHITE PLUMAGE

The research work provided a solution to the problem of preserving the gene pool of Obroshyn gray (OS) and Obroshyn white (OB) geese, which will improve and enhance the valuable qualities of the original flock of geese, gain the desired economic characteristics and thus ensure the competitiveness of the industry in modern conditions. The research was conducted in the laboratory of small livestock ISGKR NAAS and on the basis of SE DG "Miklashiv". The main method of breeding is the selection and selection of individuals with high productive qualities in order to obtain the same type of bird that would meet the planned performance parameters. Selection work was carried out by individual mass selection, aimed at consolidating the standard for each breed group of traits. Before the beginning of the breeding period, males and females of both groups were individually assessed by the exterior, typical plumage, live weight. It was found that both Obroshyn gray and Obroshyn white geese were well selected for productive characteristics and showed high fattening and meat qualities. All birds are well adapted to the natural conditions of the western region. Body sex measurements (chest circumference, torso length, keel, and metatarsus) were higher in males of the Obroshyn gray breed group of geese. Males at different ages had higher rates than females. Obroshyn gray geese (group I) outperformed their peers from group II in terms of meat qualities, the weight of uncorked and gutted carcass, and yield of edible parts. The pre-slaughter live weight of carcasses of males of group I (OS) was 4722 g and prevailed over peers of group II (OB) by 2.94%, and the live weight of females was 4149 g and was higher by 4.19%. It was found that the difference in the number of erythrocytes in males and females was insignificant and almost does not change with age, and hemoglobin on the contrary - increases with age. Males in all study periods had higher serum total protein compared to females. The lowest rate was in males and females аt 4 weeks of age, however, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups in the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, and total protein content.

TECHNICAL REGULATIONS AS A COMPLEX REGULATOR AND EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF VETMEDICINE ENTERPRISES IN MARKET CONDITIONS

In modern market conditions, knowledge of laws and regulations in the field of technical regulation allows managers and specialists of veterinary medicine to avoid unnecessary costs and risks in the development, supply and organization of production, greatly facilitates the preparation and completion of registration procedures in Ukraine and protects against inconsistencies in activities. Given the importance of this, the President of Ukraine in 2005 issued a Decree "On measures to improve activities in the field of technical regulation and consumer policy." For its implementation in Ukraine the Concept of development of technical regulation and consumer policy is developed. The purpose of the Concept is to create a modern system of technical regulation and consumer protection adapted to EU and WTO requirements, which will promote economic development, entrepreneurship, fair competition, protection of human health and the environment, consumer rights to quality and safe products, eliminate trade inconsistencies. In these conditions, national standardization is rapidly being established. Since 2005, the Law of Ukraine “On Standards, Technical Regulations and Conformity Assessment Procedures” has been implemented. Introduced a new type of legal document - technical regulations, and this significantly and targeted-specifically increases the level of requirements for all types of enterprises, including enterprises of veterinary medicine. The main requirement laid down in the technical regulations is the quality and safety of products. Quality is the absolute confidence of the manufacturer in its products at any level of its development, production and consumption. Therefore, a justified and cost-effective policy for veterinary enterprises should be to focus on advanced achievements in ensuring stable and competitive product quality. The technical regulation, as a normative legal document, directly and through reference contains mandatory requirements for the technology of production of products for veterinary medicine and animal husbandry, rules of conformity assessment, rules of identification, packaging, labeling, etc. These requirements are enshrined in the new Law of Ukraine "On Veterinary Medicine". It is also important that strict compliance with the provisions of technical regulations gives manufacturers the opportunity to assess and control the risks that are significant in terms of product safety, and to implement in the practice of the enterprise rules of good manufacturing practice. Regarding the completeness of the development of technical regulations that would take into account the specialization of enterprises, there is a need to continue research, summarize the experience of leading foreign firms, improve the mechanisms of their implementation in the practice of veterinary enterprises.

EFFICIENCY OF APPLICATION OF THE PREPARATION ON THE BASIS OF IODINE FOR MASTITIS IN COWS

The article presents the results of establishing the effectiveness of the use of an experimental preparation based on iodine for various forms of cow mastitis in a farm for the production of commercial milk. Inflammation of the mammary gland is the most common condition in productive herds of cows. Subclinical mastitis, which does not manifest with typical clinical signs for this pathology, is a particular health hazard, but qualitative changes in milk are determined by laboratory tests. Also huge economic losses on farms are recorded during the diagnosis of clinical forms of mastitis in the livestock, which often lead to premature culling of cows, a decrease in the quantity and quality of milk received from them. A set of measures for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mastitis also requires constant expenditure of funds. The work was carried out during 2020 in a farm that specializes in the production of commercial milk. The experimental drug under study contains iodine as the main active ingredient, which has a pronounced bactericidal and bacteriostatic effect against a wide range of microorganisms - causative agents of mastitis. It also has a general stimulating effect on the immune system of the udder. As synergistic components, the experimental drug contains compounds with pronounced analgesic, decongestant and astringent effects at the site of the development of the pathological process. At the first stage of the research, the influence of the experimental drug on the qualitative characteristics of milk was determined. The number of somatic cells was determined in milk after application of the experimental agent after 24, 48, 72 hours and 7 days. At the second stage of the research, we compared the effectiveness of various methods for diagnosing subclinical mastitis in cows during the dry period. When we analyzed the data obtained on the effect of the investigated experimental drug based on iodine on the number of somatic cells in the milk of cows with subclinical and clinical (catarrhal and purulent-catarrhal) forms of mastitis, we established a positive dynamics of their gradual decrease. This indicator reached the maximum level of decrease on the seventh day after application of the drug, both in subclinical and in clinical forms (catarrhal and purulent-catarrhal) mastitis, which amounted to 298.6 ± 11.6; 308.6 ± 14.4 and 328.6 ± 34.4 th./ml. The introduction of a drug with a similar compositional composition for the main active ingredients, it was not possible to achieve a similar effect on the dynamics of the reduction of somatic cells.

BIOLOGICAL PROPERTY OF THE ECOLOGICAL CULTURES MYCOBACTERIUM VACCAE

Prokaryotes of the genus Mycobacterium occupy an important evolutionary and historical place in the system of microorganisms of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organization in the Earth's biosphere. These are the most ancient microorganisms that have passed a long historical path of mutual adaptation with the evolving biosphere over billions of years. Antiquity of origin is very important in the process of developing a stable and at the same time adaptive genomic apparatus, which provides genetic information support for the very diverse physiological needs of a carrier of a given genotype in the constantly changing conditions of the environment of existence and creating competitive advantages over similar carriers of gene programs in the limited space of a specific ecosystem. A significant species diversity of prokaryotes of the genus Mycobacterium is a consequence of the wide divergence of the ancestral ancestor species of the sapronous type in the process of soil formation from lithotrophic forms to the highest degree of bioparasitism in the form of highly specialized infectious pathogens with pronounced pathogenicity, invasiveness and the potential ability to take root in an internal macroorganism and an extremely effective antagonist the immune system of supervision over the genetic homeostasis of a macroorganism with a paradigm of tolerance to its genetically own and categorical intolerance to carriers of geneticaly foreign information. Only a small number of mycobacterial species have adapted to the internal environment of eukaryotic macroorganisms as a result of the suppression of the protective mechanisms of the lymphoid system by pathogenic factors. The path of symbiotic relationships, mutually beneficial interpopulation, turned out to be much more effective. As a result, a dynamic microbial organ arose - the microbiota of the large intestine, inhabited by indigenous and transient microbionts, among which Mycobacterium vaccae occupy an important place. Ecological strains "K", "N", "Gk", "Gn" of Mycobacterium vaccae were isolated and identified by conventional bacteriological methods. Examined their basic properties. The strains possessed morpho-tinctorial, cultural and biochemical properties characteristic of the species, were apathogenic for laboratory animals when administered parenterally, caused short-term sensitization to mycobacterial antigens and induced antitilogenesis. In broiler chickens on fattening with oral feeding of live culture, they stimulated metabolism, increased weight gain and increased the protective properties of the nonspecific link of the immune reactivity of the macroorganism. Strains of atypical mycobacteria were isolated on the territory of one poultry farm and had similar biocharacteristics; they are suitable for use as probiotics to increase nonspecific resistance, stimulate the physiological functions of the macroorganism, increase weight gain and improve feed payment.

EFFECTIVENESS OF MICROELEMENTS IN THE FORMATION OF MECHANISMS OF PROTECTION OF THE BODY UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS FACTORS

Analysis of literature data and the results of our own research show that even with intensive rearing of animals with the use of balanced feeding and keeping them in accordance with the technology - it is almost impossible to avoid stress. And especially, excessive man-made load on agroecosystems also has a negative impact on animal life. Factors that cause a decrease in immune status and the emergence of immune pathology in animals include: industrial technology of animal husbandry, chemicalization in crop and livestock production, man-made pressure, dietary imbalance in nutrients and biologically active substances. This increases the impact on the body of heavy metals, which displace nutrients from body tissues, in particular trace elements and replace them in metabolic processes, which is a potential prerequisite for the development of oxidative stress. The mechanism of development of stress reaction of an organism is closely connected with activity of POL (lipid peroxidation) and depression of antioxidant potential. Under these conditions, the ability of the organism to mobilize protective and adaptive capabilities in response to the action of negative factors becomes especially important. Keeping productive animals in adverse conditions, unbalanced feeding are components of immobilization stress, which reduces their productivity, affects reproductive function, metabolic and functional disorders, reducing nonspecific and specific resistance of the organism (Fedoruk & Kravtsiv, 2003; Velychko, 2008; Velychko, 2011). Under conditions of man-caused load on the environment, respectively, and animals – it is promising to develop effective methods for regulating the activity of the enzymatic system of antioxidant protection with the help of biologically active substances, in particular trace elements. The results of research confirm that this has a positive effect on the formation of productive and adaptive properties of animals. The system of antioxidant protection is a necessary part of non-specific reactions of the organism, a component of the processes of its adaptation to environmental conditions, a component of normal life, a factor in maintaining homeostasis. Widespread immunodeficiency and elucidation of the main links of their pathogenesis have exacerbated the problem of regulating disorders of the immune system. Therefore, knowledge of the patterns of formation of the immune status of animals, especially in the early postnatal period, is important in the development of methods for the correction of immunodeficiency, antioxidant protection.

THE INFLUENCE OF POLYHEXAMETHYLENE GUANIDINE SALTS ON THE MICROBIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF WATER

The article represent the use of disinfectant which was made based on salts of polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PGMG-hydrochloride) and polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PGMG-phosphate) for water disinfection. Water plays one of the most important roles in almost all life processes. Water is a part of the blood, participates in blood circulatory system, delivers nutrients and oxygen to the organs, participates in oxidation reaction, hydrolysis and other reactions of intercellular metabolism, forms an environment to maintain a healthy microflora of the digestive tract, which provides effective breakdown of nutrients by the optimal amount of enzymes. Good drinking water quality must to be epidemically safe and free of pathogenic microbes, viruses and other biological inclusions. Also must be harmless in chemical composition, have good organoleptic properties ‒ be transparent, colorless, have no taste or odor. Water quality is assessed by total microbial contamination and the amount of bacteria of the Escherichia coli group in 1 cm3 of water, and also by thermostable Escherichia coli (fecal coliforms) in 100 cm3 of water, pathogenic microorganisms and the amount of coli-phages. In result of the conducted researches it was found that the use of disinfectant in 0,2 % concentration did not reduce the total microbial pollution of water. In particular, the efficiency of 1, 2 and 3-hour of exposure was 57, 62 and 68 %, respectively. After application of disinfectant in 0,3 % concentration the efficiency of its application was for 1 h – 69 %, 2 h – 82 %, 3 h – 100 %. It was found that the use of a disinfectant, which was made based on PGMG salts in 0,4 % concentration contributed to reduce the total microbial contamination of water. The efficiency by the 1, 2 and 3 hour of exposure was, respectively, 73, 86 and 100 %. Therefore, the use of a disinfectant, containing in its composition PGMG salts, in 0,3% concentration at 3 hours of exposure was more optimal, which contributed to reduce the total microbial contamination of water.

СHARACTERISTICS OF DIETARY FEEDS FOR DOMESTIC ANIMALS AVAILABLE ON THE MARKET OF UKRAINE

Complete and complementary dietary feeds are feeds intended for special nutritional purposes and used when the nutritional needs of the animal's body are met. The labeling of feeds intended for special nutritional purposes must contain the word "dietary". Their composition is balanced by proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, pre- and probiotics, and other pharmacologically active components that affect the digestive processes, excretion or prevention of kidney stones, strengthening joint tissue, suspending allergic reactions, renal dysfunction, liver, promote recovery from stress, etc. The article describes the characteristics of feeds intended for special nutritional purposes for pets, that are imported or the domestic products, which are authorized in Ukraine for the period 2015-2019. The names of finished feed products, in addition to trademarks, reflect the animal species and purpose, depending on the identified abnormalities in their health, which determines the special purpose for their use. According to the authorized products list, the largest number of names falls on dietary foods for pets used in kidney disease and kidney stones (70), digestive disorders (51) and allergies (37). A significant number (28) are low-calorie diets for overweight cats and dogs. The share occupied by certain groups of complete feeds by purpose meets the needs of the domestic market of complete dietary feeds for pets. This distribution of feeds intended for special nutritional purposes helps to ensure proper care for pets of different ages and breeds that are prone to disease. Feeds entering the market in Ukraine meet the requirements of national regulations and the main safety criteria of the European Federation of Animal Feed Manufacturers (FEDIAF) and the ISO standard 22 000: 2005. According to scientific research, the most common groups of feeds intended for special nutritional purposes for pets are described; the characteristics of the main feed ingredients in the formulas, and substantiated their function as a part of nutrition at special nutritional purposes of the animal's body.

ACTIVITY AND CONTENT OF ISOZYMES OF ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE IN CONNECTION WITH THE SURVIVAL OF BULL SPERMATOZOA

The activity and content of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) isoforms in bovine ejaculates due to sperm survival were studied. Ejaculates of bulls of the Ukrainian black-spotted dairy breed (n = 22) were selected for research. In freshly obtained and incubated semen the activity and isozymes of AST was studied in connection with spermatozoa survival at a temperature of 2-4 ° C (on the first, second, third and fourth days) until the cessation of rectilinear translational movement. AST activity depended on the duration of sperm survival. When survival was more than 100 hours - AST activity was the highest - 65.2 ± 1.7 nmol / min × mg of protein. When survival was lower - up to 100 hours, enzymatic activity lower by 26.8% (P <0.001). Two enzymes of the enzyme (AST1 and AST2) were found in the semen of the fetuses, which differ in electrophoretic mobility and intensity of staining in 7.5% polyacrylamide gel. The established correlation with sperm survival time has a strong straight line for AST1 (η2АSТ1 = 0.88) and inverse - for AST2 (η2АSТ2 = 0.87) isozymes. During sperm incubation, the ratio of AST isozymes changes - the content of AST1 increases and decreases - AST2. The correlation ratio for sperm survival for enzyme activity and isozymes is up to 100 hours, respectively. - η2АSТ = 0.83; η2АSТ1 = 0.68 and η2АSТ2= 0.69 and more than 100 hours - η2АSТ = 0.75; η2АSТ1= 0.92 and η2АSТ2= 0.69. Therefore, ejaculates of bulls with reduced sperm survival are characterized by lower AST activity and, accordingly, the speed of the amino acid transamination process. Increased supply of substrates from the cytosol in the mitochondria of germ cells ensures high survival of sperm. Changes in the activity and content of AST isozymes, which characterize the energy supply of germ cells, can serve as a criterion for the physiological quality of sperm of freshly obtained sperm.

SIGNIFICANCE OF SEROLOGICAL MONITORING FOR POULTRY ORNITOBACTERIOSIS THERAPY

One of the main problems of poultry diseases is respiratory diseases. Among them a special place is occupied by ornithobacteriosis (ORT). Losses from ORT consist of: direct losses as a result of the disease - death of chickens, increased culling due to lameness, low live weight gain (up to 40%), reduction of carcass categories, reduction of egg production by 6-20%; indirect losses associated with the immune-suppressive effect of ornithobacteria, which increase the risk of other infections and prevent the formation of post-vaccination immunity. The diagnosis is established on the basis of epizootological data, clinical signs, pathological and anatomical changes, bacteriological and serological tests, positive bioassay. In most cases, infections caused by ornithobacteria are not diagnosed in time, the pathogen is difficult to isolate due to complications of other pathogens, or because experts are currently insufficiently aware of the ability of ORT to cause disease. ORT can be isolated by bacteriological method only at an early stage of the disease. The most relevant method of diagnosis is PCR. The advantage of the method is not only the isolation of DNA of individual cells of the pathogen in the sample, but also the ability to detect all serotypes. In addition, PCR is a successful diagnosis in the detection of ORT nucleic acid not only in tissue samples, but also in feces, eggs, dust, which is important for timely diagnosis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is used to control the presence of ornithobacteriosis in bird. The presence of antibodies to this pathogen in poultry of many species indicates its wide circulation. Thus, when conducting serological monitoring of blood serum from different age groups of broilers aged 1-44 days, the percentage of positive samples ranged from 40 to 100, which indicates the circulation of the field strain of the pathogen ornithobacteriosis. The percentage of positive serum from broilers to ORT was: from 1 to 5 days - from 88 to 50, from 6 to 10 days serum were negative, while at 17, 21 days and from 32 days to the end of cultivation (44 days) – 100 %. The percentage of positive batches at the end of fattening ranged from 42-53 days in the range from 75 to 100%, indicating the circulation of the field strain of the ornithobacteriosis pathogen antibiotic therapy against this disease.