Forensic Odontology Knowledge Analysis among Undergraduates Dental Students in Saudi Aribia

Aims: This study aims to measure the knowledge and awareness level towards Forensic odontology and Bite mark analysis among Dental students in Saudi Arabia. Study Design: This is an observational cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Conducted in Saudi Arabia from July to August 2021. Methodology: The study’s population consisted of Dental undergraduate in Saudi Arabia. Our Inclusion criteria: Male and Female, Private or Public, Dental Intern and dental students in Saudi national or non-Saudi. And Agree to Participate. The sample size was estimated using the Qualtrics calculator with a confidence level of 95%; a sample size of 386. Google Form was used as study tools the questionnaire contained 8 Questions. The First question includes information about years of study, the second question Name the College of a student, and other questions include questions on knowledge about Forensic odontology and Bite Mark analysis, and would they wish this specialization would be Available to us in Saudi Arabia Results: A total of 386 participants completed the survey questionnaire. The results showed that the 75.4% of the study participants were females compared to 24.6% of them were males. it can be noted that approximately 75% of the study participants were in advance levels of their education (fourth year or after) compared to 25% of students were at inception phase of their study. Conclusion: Every dental student must have knowledge of forensic dentistry because it is important to preserve the rights and assist the legal and security authorities in identifying victims and suspects and gaining awareness to accurately.

Superimposed polygonal approximation analysis comparing 2D photography and 3D scanned images of bite marks on human skin

Background Preservation of bite marks evidence has always been a major problem in forensic odontology due to progressive loss of details as time passes. The use of 2D photographs has been widely used to document forensic evidence and preserving bite marks; however, there are limitations to this method. This study aims to measure the accuracy of the 3D scanned image in comparison to 2D photograph registration of experimental bite marks. Thirty volunteers performed self-exertions of a bite mark on the respective forearm of subjects. A 2D photograph and 3D scanned image was immediately registered following bite mark exercise using a conventional camera and Afinia EinScan-Pro 2X PLUS Handheld 3D Scanner, respectively. The outlines of the bite mark were transformed into a polygonal shape. Next, the polygonal approximation analysis was performed by an arbitrary superimposition method. The difference between surface areas of both images was calculated (2D photographs ̶ 3D scanned images). Results A paired t test was used to measure significance with α = 0.05. The mean surface area of 2D photographs and 3D scanned images is 31.535 cm2 and 31.822 cm2, respectively. No statistical difference was found between both mean surface areas (p > 0.05). The mean error (ME) is 0.287 ± 3.424 cm2 and the mean absolute error (MAE) is 1.733 ± 1.149 cm2. Conclusion Bite marks registered with the 3D scanned image are comparable to the standard 2D photograph for bite mark evaluations. The use of a 3D scan may be adopted as a standard operating procedure in the forensic application, especially for evidence preservation.

The First Healed Bite Mark and Embedded Tooth in the Snout of a Middle Permian Gorgonopsian (Synapsida: Therapsida)

Despite their significance for paleobiological interpretations, bite marks have been rarely reported in non-mammalian therapsids (NMT). Here we describe, for the first time, the occurrence of a tooth embedded in the snout of a gorgonopsian. The tooth is surrounded by a bony callus, which demonstrates that the animal was still alive after the attack and healed. The identity of the attacker is unknown. Two hypotheses are discussed to account for this healed bite: failed predation (most likely by a biarmosuchian, therocephalian, or another gorgonopsian) and intraspecific social biting. Though predation cannot be ruled out, it has been hypothesized that gorgonopsians used their saber-like teeth for social signaling, which suggests that social biting may be the most likely scenario. The practice of social biting has long been hypothesized in NMT, but this is the first fossilized evidence of the behavior to be described.

The Nocturnal Kissing of an Annoying Mosquito; Unusual Insect Bite Reaction, a Case Report and a Literature Review

Insects represent more than half of all known living organisms in the world. Both human beings and insects share a common biodiversity and the influence of insects on human life is enormous. They share an intimate relationship in which human beings are both benefitted and harmed. Insects inflict harm by stinging, biting or transmitting diseases. Rarely, humans are harmed by inadvertently coming in contact with the toxin of an insect. Insect dermatitis is characterized by tingling and burning within 10 minutes of contact, and sometimes the incurred dermatitis is a self-healing condition. Such cases usually happen while asleep when there is a lag time between the crush of the insect and waking up in the morning. A case while sleeping, heard the insect fly around her bare chest, in summer time, and on waving it away instinctively while sleeping, and the insect had been crushed on her bare upper chest skin, incurring a subsequent skin reaction without the typical red bite mark followed by an evolving burning ulcerative skin lesion, that took a while to subside and heal completely. Key words: insect bite, crash, skin reaction.