Light Sleep Detection based on Surface Electromyography Signals for Nap Monitoring

This paper proposes the development of automatic sleep stage detection by using physiological signals. We aim to develop an application to assist drivers after drowsiness or fatigue detection by a commercial driver vigilance system. The proposed method used a low-cost surface electromyography (EMG) device for sleep stage detection. We investigate skeletal muscle location and EMG features from sleep stage 2 to provide an EMG-based nap monitoring system. The results showed that using only one channel of a bipolar EMG signal from an upper trapezius muscle with median power frequency can achieve 84% accuracy. We implement a MyoWare muscle sensor into the proposed nap monitoring device. The results showed that the proposed system is feasible for detecting sleep stages and waking up the napper. A combination of EMG and electroencephalogram (EEG) signals might be yield a high system performance for nap monitoring and alarm system. We will prototype a portable device to connect the application to a smartphone and test with a target group, such as truck drivers and physicians.

Trends and correlates of hardcore smoking in India: findings from the Global Adult Tobacco Surveys 1 & 2

Background: Data on prevalence of hardcore smoking (HCS) among different socioeconomic status (SES) groups in low- and middle-income countries are limited. We looked at the prevalence and pattern of HCS in India with the following objectives: 1) to analyse the association between SES and HCS, 2) to find trends in HCS in different SES groups and 3) to find state-wide variations in hardcore smoking. Methods: Data of individuals aged ≥25 years from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) India 2009-10 (N= 9223) and 2016-17 (N= 7647) were used for this study. If an individual met all the following criteria: (1) current smoker, (2) smokes 10 or more cigarettes/day, (3) smokes first puff within 30 minutes after waking up, (4) no quit attempt in last 12 months, (5) no intention to quit at all or in the next 12 months, (6) lack of knowledge of harmful effect of smoking, s/he was identified as a hardcore smoker. Multiple regression analysis was done to find the factors associated with HCS. Results: Prevalence of HCS deceased from 2.5% in GATS 1 to 1.9% in GATS 2: males from 6.2% to 3.9% and females from 0.3% to 0.2%. Compared to the richest group the poorest, poor and those who belonged to the middle-income group were more likely to report HCS in GATS 1 and 2. However, only in the poorest SES group there was an increase in the proportion of hardcore smokers in GATS 2 compared to GATS 1. Other factors that were significantly associated with HCS in both surveys were male gender, working adults, those with lower education, early initiation of smoking and households without any rules for smoking inside the home. Conclusions: Tobacco control and cessation efforts need to focus on individuals of poor SES groups particularly in the high prevalence Indian states.

Sedative and Analgesic Effects of Intravenous Midazolam and Ketamine Combination in Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy of Childhood Cancer

Background: Various drugs, including ketamine and midazolam, are used for sedation in children. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of intravenous midazolam and ketamine combination in bone marrow aspiration and biopsy in children with cancer. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 children aged six months to 17 years candidates for bone marrow aspiration or biopsy. Sampling was easy, accessible, and sequential. Children were injected with 0.05 mg/kg midazolam and 1 mg/kg ketamine for sedation and analgesia. Then, sedation rate, restlessness, nausea, vomiting, laryngospasm, and decreased oxygen saturation were assessed. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 18 software. Results: The mean age of children was 6.8 ± 4.3 years. The mean degree of sedation based on the modified Ramsey score was 5.2 ± 0.74. Nausea and vomiting were observed in nine (9%) children. Six (6%) children had arterial saturation of less than 90%. Twelve (12%) children showed restlessness when waking up. There were no cases of laryngeal spasms. Conclusions: The present study showed that the intravenous midazolam and ketamine combination provides suitable sedation and analgesia to children, with low and negligible side effects.

THE PROBLEM OF BUILDING HOTEL AND TOURIST COMPLEXES IN MOROCCO IN THE TRADITIONAL NATIONAL STYLE IN ORDER TO PRESERVE LOCAL TRADITIONS

This article examines the state of the hotel fund in Morocco and the capital of Rabat. The essence of the problem of the waking up of the hotel complexes in the territory of Morocco is different, which is connected with the national and traditional styles in the interconnected interior and the traditional decoration of the apartment complex. The relevance of the development of the basic principles of architec- tural and planning organizations and the air-space composition of the hotel and tourist complexes in the minds of the Moroccan climate of Morocco has been revised. It is worth looking at the future buddies of the hotel complexes and those in the minds of the practitioners. Practically necessary, the need to upraise the main national traditions and values ​​of the historical decline of Morocco. Also, in stats, important is the importance of developing regional standards for designing hotel complexes for the specialties of Morocco and the traditions of Morocco. As a result, it turned out that nowadays it’s been blown out of the ordinary mind with a touch of mass tourism in Morocco, which is simple, simple, well-planned and new hotel complexes. In order to make sure that everything was built like a system of spaciously connected architectural ensembles, it would be necessary to develop the basic principles of formulating the hotel complexes in the hot climate of Morocco. The principle of guilty responsibility and motherhood is fundamentally valuable and historically went into the middle of the storehouse, allowing you to save in the new complexes the independence of the Moroccan architecture. The important thing is that it’s a fact that now you are in the country of Morocco standing on the edge of the vibrant architecture and the traditional tradition. The country can be found in the near proximity to Europe, Morocco’s most private settlements, and it’s possible to speak to the populations, and along the streets of the city of Tangier it’s been a long time to go alone to Europe. Take note of the fact that zmushuє is to be thoughtful over tim, which should be beaten by the flurry and almost by the look of the traditional Moroccan form, ornamentation, coloristic series.

A study on assessment of effects of electronic gadgets on mental and physical health among medical students in Central India

Background: Human race has witnessed enormous technological advancements especially in last few decades. Electronic gadgets are part of everyday lives of all individuals in all age groups. On one side they make our lives easier and convenient and on the other side their excessive usage is harmful. These gadgets effect physical as well as mental health. Present study was conducted to see the effects of electronic gadgets on physical and mental health of medical students.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among MBBS students of Central India. Students who were present on the time of data collection were included in the study. For the study, data collection tool was a pre-designed, semi structured questionnaire, collected data was compiled in excel sheet and relevant analysis was done.Results: About 70% have habit of waking up between 6 to 8 AM. 95.5% of subjects were using smartphones, 61.5% of subjects using laptop/computer. 58% were spending time with gadgets less than 4 hours while 6.5% were spending more than 10 hours. We found out that 54% had ophthalmic health effects and 46.5% participants accepted feeling anxious, irritated or restless without their gadgets. The study revealed health problems of participants as headache (30%), migraine (1%), depression (7%) and other problems like backache, weakness, joint pain and others.Conclusions: The current and exiting data so far suggest that gadget have definite risk and adverse effects on the health of the general population.

Study of clinical features of patients with chronic eczema

Objective — s to study the clinical features of chronic eczema (CE) in 96 patients aged 18 to 78 years. Materials and methods. The study was carried out in the city clinical dermatovenerological dispensary No. 5 in Kharkov. All patients gave written informed consent to participate in the study.The majority of them (66.7 %) were between 31 and 50 years old. The duration of dermatosis in 6.3 % of the surveyed persons ranged from 6 months to 1 year, in 33.3 % — from 1 year to 5 years, in 42.7 % — from 5 to 10 years, in 17.7 % — over 10 years. The most frequent causes of exacerbation in 51.1 % were neuropsychiatric trauma and stress, in 15.6 % — dise­ases of internal organs and acute respiratory diseases, in 13.5 % — contact with chemicals. In all patients, dermatosis was recurrent. Most often, the surveyed patients complained of moderate intensity itching (51 %) and severe sleep disturbances (66.7 %). Moderate leukocytosis and accelerated ESR were found in 21.9 % of patients, eosinophilia — in 5.1 %. Results and discussion. 96 patients with chronic eczema aged 18 to 78 years were under observation. The diagnosis of chronic eczema was based on anamnestic data, patients’ complaints of itchy skin of varying intensity, objective examination of the patient, as well as recurrences of dermatosis for more than 1 year. The largest number of patients had dermatosis from 5 to 10 years. Chronic eczema in the observed patients was recurrent. The duration of remission was (4.9 ± 0.2) months. The duration of exacerbation was (6.1 ± 0.2) weeks. To characterize the severity of chronic eczema, a scoring system was used, according to which the average severity was (2.63 ± 0.08) points.According to the degree of skin lesions, the forms of dermatosis were limited and widespread. Patients complained of skin itching of varying intensity: more often itching of moderate intensity, periodic; painful, persistent, with an insurmountable need to scratch; short-term; no itching.Also, patients noted sleep disturbance in the form of difficulty falling asleep, sudden awakening at night and lack of a feeling of rest after waking up in the morning. 39 patients had bad habits (smoking, alcohol abuse).Сlinical analysis of blood revealed moderate leukocytosis, accelerated ESR, eosinophilia, signs of secondary infection. Conclusions. The average age of the patients ranged from 31 to 50 years. All examined patients had recurrent dermatosis. The average degree of its severity was (2.63 ± 0.08) points. Most often, patients complained of moderate intensity itching (51 %) and severe sleep disturbances (66.7 %). In 21.9 % of the examined patients moderate leukocytosis and accelerated ESR were revealed, in 5.1 % — eosinophilia.

Application Values of Character Education in the Modern Pesantren System and Culture (Study at Pondok Pesantren Modern Ar-Raudlatul Hasanah Medan)

Pondok pesantren today can be said to be the most ideal and potential educational institution in fostering a character that is loaded with education values both religious values and the noble values of the nation. The importance of this research is to find different strategies or patterns that can be used as a reference for the development of character education models for formal schools. This research uses qualitative methods that are descriptive with a research site, namely Modern Pesantren Ar-Raudhatul Hasanah Medan. The results showed that character education in Ar-Raudlatul Hasanah Medan boarding school was carried out systemically-integratively. All center activities from waking up in the morning to going back to sleep at night accumulate in pesantren systems and cultures based on the values of Panca Jiwa, Motto, and Philosophy of Pesantren. The strategy of implementing character education is through integration into kmi curriculum learning activities, the formation of pesantren culture/ culture, and extracurricular activities. The methods carried out are direction, transparency, assignment, training, habituation, discipline, appreciation and punishment.