МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ КЕРАМИКИ НИКОЛАЕВСКОЙ (СМОЛЬНИНСКОЙ) КУЛЬТУРЫ

В работе анализируются формы и мофологические детали керамики николаевской (смольнинской) культуры Приморья X–XII вв. на основе опубликованных и неопубликованных источников. Рассматривается история исследования культуры и даётся краткая характеристика памятников. Анализируется керамический материал, полученный в разное время в долинах рек Партизанской, Сергеевки, Арсеньевки, Уссури. В результате исследования были выявлены типичные формы керамики рассматриваемой культуры, выделены горшки, корчаги, пароварки, которые являются наиболее часто встречающейся формой, а также миски и чаш, банки, вазы, крышки, которые определялись и систематизировались по археологически целым и частично сохранившимся сосудам. Выделенные сосуды находят свои аналогии в керамике средневековых культур Приморья: бохайской (698–926 гг.), покровской (ІХ–ХІІІ вв. н.э.), культуры населения Цзинь (1115–1234 гг.) и Восточное Ся (1215–1246 гг.), а также в культурах Корейского полуострова: в государстве Пэкче в периоды хансон (18 г. до н.э.–475 г. н. э) и саби (538–660 гг.). Определены морфологические особенности керамики николаевской (смольнинской) культуры, являющиеся, помимо сохранения следов выбивки в качестве технического орнамента, культурными признаками, характерными для данной керамической традиции. Донья, закруглённые на стыке дна и тулова, и формы ручек сосудов могут также выступать в качестве культурных маркеров. ЛИТЕРАТУРААртемьева Н.Г. Отчет об археологических исследованиях Николаевского городища в Партизанском районе Приморского края в 2003 году. Владивосток, 2004. / Архив ИИАЭ ДВО РАН. Артемьева Н.Г. Отчет об археологических исследованиях Николаевского городища в Партизанском районе Приморского края в 2004 году. Владивосток, 2005. / Архив ИИАЭ ДВО РАН.Артемьева Н.Г. Отчет об археологических исследованиях Николаевского городища в Партизанском районе Приморского края в 2005 году. Владивосток, 2006./ Архив ИИАЭ ДВО РАН. Артемьева Н.Г. Отчет об археологических исследованиях Николаевского городища в Партизанском районе Приморского края в 2007 году. Владивосток, 2008./ Архив ИИАЭ ДВО РАН.Артемьева Н.Г. Отчет об археологических исследованиях Николаевского городища в Партизанском районе Приморского края в 2009 году. Владивосток, 2010. / Архив ИИАЭ ДВО РАН.Артемьева Н.Г. Отчет об археологических исследованиях Николаевского городища в Партизанском районе Приморского края в 2010 году. Владивосток, 2011. / Архив ИИАЭ ДВО РАН.Артемьева Н.Г. Отчет об археологических исследованиях Николаевского городища в Партизанском районе Приморского края в 2011 году. Владивосток, 2012. / Архив ИИАЭ ДВО РАН. Гельман Е.И. Керамика чжурчжэней Приморья // Россия и АТР. 2006. №1. С. 93–104.Гельман Е.И. Керамика Краскинского городища // Мультидисциплинарные исследования в археологии. 2018. №2. С. 40–64.Жущиховская И.С., Шавкунов В.Э. Новая культурная традиция в средневековом гончарстве Приморья // Вестник ДВО РАН. 2006. №2. С. 97–108.Пузыревская О.Н. Археологическая разведка на реке Партизанской и её притоках в районе с. Сергеевки. 1995./ Личный архив О. Н. Пузыревской.Российский Дальний Восток в древности и средневековье: открытия, проблемы, гипотезы / Отв. ред. Ж.В. Андреева. Владивосток: Дальнаука. 2005. 559 с.Тупикина С.М. Керамика чжурчжэней Приморья XII-начала XIII в. (по материалам археологических исследований Шайгинского городища). Владивосток: Дальнаука. 1996. 120 с.Шавкунов Э.В. Отчет о результатах полевых исследований на территории Приморского края, проводившихся в 1955-1956 гг. / Архив ИА РАН, 1956.Шавкунов Э.В. Отчет об археологических исследованиях в долине р. Сучан в 1962 г. / Архив ИА РАН, 1962.Шавкунов Э.В. Отчет об археологических исследованиях на юге Приморского края в 1963 г. / Архив ИА РАН, 1963.Шавкунов В.Э. Отчет об археологических работах на Смольнинском городище в Приморском крае в 2008 г. / Архив ИИАЭ ДВО РАН, 2009.Шавкунов В.Э. Отчет об археологических работах на Смольнинском городище в Анучинском районе Приморского края в 2004 г. 2005./ Архив ИИАЭ ДВО РАН.Шавкунов В.Э. К вопросу о восточной границе государства бохай // Россия и АТР. 2005. №.4. С. 27−32.Шавкунов В.Э. Отчет об археологических работах на городище Шайга-Редут в Партизанском районе Приморского края в 2009 году. Владивосток, 2010. / Архив ИИАЭ ДВО РАН, Шавкунов В.Э. Отчет об археологических работах на городище Шайга-Редут в Партизанском районе Приморского края в 2011 году. Владивосток, 2012. / Архив ИИАЭ ДВО РАН.Шавкунов В.Э. Отчет об археологических работах на городище Шайга-Редут в Партизанском районе Приморского края в 2012 году. 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Pottery and Non-Sedentary Communities: Origins, Technology and Usage

The introduction of the skill of pottery-making has been recognized as the turning point in the human past from the very inception of the disciplines of archaeology/anthropology. Until recently, pottery has been explained as a part of the Neolithic package and linked to the beginnings of agriculture and sedentarism. However, the pottery registered among the hunters-gatherers of the late Pleistocene in the Far East has demonstrated beyond doubt that it represents an innovation completely independent from plant cultivation and domestication of animals. This has induced a reconsideration of our knowledge. Although various hypotheses explained the appearance of the earliest pottery, it seems today that the invention of pottery technology was most probably induced by utilitarian, practical reasons. On the grounds of the analyses of the organic contents of the vessels, their qualities and the distribution of use alterations, it is certain that pottery is closely linked to preparation and partially with storage of food of animal, often aquatic origin, and sometimes of nuts. On the other hand, the causes and mechanisms of adoption of pottery as a new technology may have been diverse and dependent on various factors. For example, pottery production may be seen as prestige technology among hunters-gatherers, where individuals compete for power, prestige and status by organizing feasts, but in the non-stratified societies as well, where it was used as a medium during the festivities aimed at strengthening the group cohesion, or on the occasion of marriages of members of different groups, where they are reminded of communal obligations and alliances. One of the characteristics of pottery in mobile communities is its close link to twined/woven objects: many pottery assemblages from these groups bear traces on their surfaces that are the consequence of pressing such material (cords, baskets, sacks, mats, fabric, etc.), so sometimes “ceramization” of these older technologies is mentioned. However, the importance of spun material should be stressed in the technology of pottery production. These may have been used in the process of modelling of vessels, as supports or moulds. Finally, the text considers the Starčevo pottery. In spite of the fact that it “reaches” into the Balkans along with other characteristics of the Neolithic package, it performs important similarities to the pottery of mobile communities, from its transportability as a desired feature, to indications that at least some forms were executed in baskets as moulds. The examples of the Starčevo pottery exist bearing the impressions of textile on their interior surfaces, probably due to easier separation of the dried vessel from the mould. All these data raise the issue of interdependence of soft technologies and pottery, as well as wider questions, such as mechanisms of cultural transmission.

Technical and technological features of the pottery in Mordovia

Introduction. The article considers to the features of pottery and brings the results of the research of pottery technology which was common on the territory of Mordovia. An in-depth, systematically organized culturological approach to the study of artistic ceramics and ancient ornaments on pottery allows the author to study a wide range of issues of ancient history, which until now have been resolved mainly on an intuitive level and not within the framework of cultural studies, if they were the subject of the attention of researchers at all. Materials and methods. The article discusses a specific aspect of the study of pottery ceramics, technological. The analysis is based on the historical, cultural and morphological principles of the study. It employed the documents stored in the Scientific Archive of the Research Institute for the Humanities under the Government of the Republic of Mordovia, as well as the ethnographic material of the S. D. Erzia Mordovian Republican Museum of Fine Arts, Mordovian Republican United Museum of Local Lore, Museum of Folk Culture of Mordovia. Results and discussion. An attempt to build a typology of pottery ceramics on the territory of Mordovia traces both the preservation of all-Russian functional, formal-morphological features, names of objects, and the emergence of new regional, local features, which was the result of adaptation and mutual influence of various ethnographic groups of the population. The design of this typology suggests the possibility of introducing additional levels when revealing new samples of clay utensils. Conclusion. In the economy of the ancient Mordovians up to the middle of I thousand AD a large role was played by various crafts. The appearance and development of pottery is inextricably linked with the productive activities of the Mordovians. For many centuries, dishes were made by stucco, and later by an exhaust method. Pottery ceramics played an important role in developing the basis of peasant farming and occupied a special niche in the ethno-economic structure of the peasants.

About Ancient Ceramic Traditions of the Population of the Northern Caspian Region

Introduction. The territory of the Northern Caspian region plays an important role in the study of the Neolithic of Eastern Europe. The main criterion of this period is clay pottery. One of the difficult issues is the time of the ceramic technology appearance. Methods and materials. The study of the pottery technology of the Neolithic population of the Northern Caspian region is carried out in the framework of the historical and cultural approach to the study of ceramics, according to the method of A. Bobrinsky. The technique is based on binocular microscopy, tracology and experiment in the form of physical modeling. The basis for identifying technological traces on ceramics is the comparative analysis of the vessels under study with the base of standards. It is made by means of physical modeling in field and laboratory conditions. The age of the Neolithic monuments was determined using traditional methods in radiocarbon laboratories in Russia and Ukraine, as well as using AMS at universities in Sweden and Finland. Analysis. Over the past 10 years, more than 68 radiocarbon dates on different materials such as charcoal, bones, organics from ceramics, charred crusts, humus have been obtained. They give the possibility to determine the time of appearance and spread of the earliest pottery in the Northern Caspian region. This is the middle 7th millennium BC. The chronological framework for the development of the Neolithic in the Northern Caspian region is ca. 6600–5500 BC. The paper establishes the main and specific features of ceramic traditions. Results.The technical and technological analysis allows to reveal the genesis, the features of dynamics and further development of pottery in this region. The complex of results obtained allows to attribute the Neolithic sites of the Caspian region to the earliest pottery areal in Eastern Europe.

Malgorzata Daszkiewicz, O. Munteanu, V. Iarmulschi, Pottery found at the Butuceni and Orheiul Vechi Iron Age settlements – results of archaeoceramological analysis

The aim of laboratory analysis carried out on pottery fragments recovered from the Poienești-Lucaşeuca (PL) site of Orheiul Vechi and the Getic site of Butuceni was to verify the hypothesis that there was a continuity in pottery technology traditions and the hypothesis that there was continuity in raw material use. In order to verify these hypotheses, i.e. to determine whether we are dealing with continuity or with changes in pottery manufacturing, two factors must be taken into account: know-how and raw material. This means that it is necessary to perform both technological and raw material analyses. For the purposes of this study the following methods were used: MGR-analysis, chemical analysis by WD-XRF, thin-section studies and an estimation of physical ceramic properties. The results of archaeometric analysis of pottery from the PL site of Orheiul Vechi and the Getic site of Butuceni did not substantiate the hypothesis that there had been a continuity in pottery technology traditions. The results of archaeometric analysis of pottery from the PL site of Orheiul Vechi and the Getic site of Butuceni did, conversely, confirm the hypothesis that there was a continuity in raw material use. At both sites and in both phases there is a marked emphasis on local production of ceramics using locally sourced raw materials.

The development of Neolithic pottery technology in Eastern Jazira and the Zagros Mountains

The origins of pottery technology in Eastern Jazira and the Zagros Mountains can be seen as a process of several stages, from unfired clay and plaster vessels to the fully ceramic technologies of the Proto-Hassuna period. This paper reviews this process and presents a technological analysis of Proto-Hassuna ceramics to investigate the relationships between the pottery traditions at sites in Eastern Jazira and the western part of the Zagros Mountains.