Comparative morphological and biochemical characteristics of the toxic effects of doxorubicin and nanosomal PLGA-doxorubicin form in the experimental glioblastoma treatment

Introduction. Doxorubicin (Dox) in the composition of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid, 50:50) (PLGA) – nanoparticles has high antitumor efficacy in rats with glioblastoma 101.8. However, the toxic effect of Dox-PLGA is not well understood. The aim of the study was morphological and biochemical evaluation of the hepatotoxic and cardiotoxic effects of doxorubicin and Dox-PLGA in the glioblastoma 101.8 treat-ment in Wistar rats. Materials and methods. The study was performed on 24 male Wistar rats with glioblastoma: no treatment (n=7), treated with doxorubicin (n=9) or Dox-PLGA (n=8) intravenously at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg on days 2, 5 and 8 after tumor implantation. On the 14th day of the experiment, morphological changes in the myocardium and liver were examined. Hematological and biochemical blood tests were performed. Results.When treating rats with experimental glioblastoma 101.8, Dox-PLGA in comparison with doxorubicin has less pronounced cardiotoxic and hepatotoxic effects according to the morphological, hematological and biochemical tests. Inflammatory changes in the myocardium of the animals treated with Dox-PLGA were less pronounced and widespread than the ones treated with doxorubicin. The activities of total and cardiac creatine phosphokinase (CPK) isoforms and AST were statistically significantly lower in Dox-PLGA group than in animals with glioblastoma without treatment and receiving doxorubicin. The hepatotoxic effects of Dox-PLGA were minimal. Unlike animals treated with doxorubicin, they had mild hepatocyte dystrophy. ALT activity in all groups did not differ from the reference values. Conclusion. Compared with doxorubicin, the nanosomal form of Dox-PLGA in the experimental glioblas-toma 101.8 treatment has less pronounced cardio- and hepatotoxic effects. Keywords: rat glioblastoma 101.8, doxorubicin, PLGA-nanoparticles, toxic effect, liver, myocardium, morphology, biochemistry

Aktivitas Anti-Inflamasi Eupatorium inulifolium dan Kalsium Karbonat Pada Tikus Jantan

ABSTRAK Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari potensi daun Kumpai Mahung (Eupatorium inulifolium) dan kalsium karbonat sebagai anti-inflamasi, berdasarkan obat tradisional di pegunungan Dayak Meratus Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan untuk mendapatkan ekstrak adalah maserasi menggunakan pelarut metanol dengan rasio 1:10. Uji kualitatif Penapisan fitokimia fenolik dengan senyawa FeCl3 dan kuantitatif dengan spektrofotometri UV-Vis dengan kuersetin sebagai standar, panjang gelombang 418 nm konsentrasi 10-50 ppm. Ekstrak Eupatorium inulifolium dan calcium carbonat diformulasikan menjadi salep sederhana dengan penambahan vaselin album (1:3). tes anti-inflamasi menggunakan tikus jantan yang telah diinduksi oleh karagenin 3%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada pengujian kualitatif dan kualitatif, adalah positif senyawa fenolik, Mengandung 3,68% flavonoid. Ekstrak Eupatorium inulifolium dan kalsium karbonat dalam salep dapat secara signifikan mengurangi edema pada kaki tikus dibandingkan dengan kontrol negatif (14,1%). Kata kunci: Edema, Salep, Anti Inflamasi ABSTRACT The purpose of this research was to study the potential Kumpai Mahung leaf (Eupatorium inulifolium) and calcium carbonate as an anti-inflammation, based on folk medicine in Dayak meratus mountains of Indonesia. The methods used to obtain the extract is maceration using methanol solvent with the ratio of 1:10. Qualitative test Phytochemical Screening of phenolic with FeCl3 and quantitative flavonoids compounds with spectrophotometry UV-vis with quercetin as standard, wavelength 418 nm concentration 10-50 ppm. Eupatorium inulifolium extracts and calcium carbonate are formulated into simple ointments with the addition of vaseline album (1: 3) anti-inflammation test using male mice that had been inducted by carrageenan 3%. The result showed that on qualitative and qualitative testing, is positive phenolic compounds, contains 3,68% of flavonoids. Eupatorium inulifolium extract and calcium carbonate in the ointment can significantly alleviate the edema on mice’s paw compared to a negative control (14,1%).Keywords: Rat Paw Edema, Ointment, Anti-Inflammation I. PENDAHULUAN Peradangan adalah salah satu tema yang paling menarik untuk dipelajari karena mencakup banyak mediator, dan ini menyebabkan banyak agen peradangan seperti antibodi monoklonal dan antagonis peradangan mulai dikembangkan dan dilaporkan ada obat lain seperti asam askorbat monosiklik, garam kalsium dan kalsium karbonat juga memiliki aspek anti-inflamasi terutama yang disebabkan sengatan serangga (Karnad, Patil dan Majagi, 2006). Peradangan memiliki beberapa respons berdasarkan penyebabnya; salah satu respons peradangan yang biasa terjadi adalah edema. Edema terjadi karena meningkatnya aliran darah lokal ke area luka, dan itu menyebabkan lebih banyak mediator kimia dan histamin dilepaskan sehingga permeabilitas kapiler meningkat (Sousa, Vieira dan Pinho, 2010). Efek dari pembengkakan ini termasuk ketidaknyamanan, rasa sakit, dan ruam (Isrofah, Sagiran, dan Afandi, 2011). Obat antiinflamasi sebagian besar bekerja dengan menurunkan permeabilitas kapiler dengan menurunkan jumlah histamin yang dilepaskan oleh basofil, menghambat fungsi fagositosis leukosit dan makrofag sehingga pembengkakan dapat mereda.Penggunaan sumber daya alam di Kalimantan Indonesia, belum dilakukan secara maksimal karena keanekaragaman

[Leafospirosis Deadly Disease from Rat: Fiqh Al-Hadith-Based Analysis] Leptospirosis Wabak Maut Dari Tikus: Analisis Berasaskan Fiqh al-Hadith

Leptospirosis (rat urine epidemic) can be categorised as silent killer to mankind. It has raised concerns among Malaysians in 2012 to 2014. A series of deaths, including those involving celebrity groups has put widespread interest from all Malaysians. The rat-borne outbreak infects humans through water contaminated with urine, ear skin (body tissue), the mucus of the nose, mouth and eyes of rat. Various control measures deemed appropriate have been performed at the state and district, including poison, traps and reward for each rat caught or killed. Therefore, early preventive measures in the form of knowledge is very important in order to understand the concept of “interaction with pests” well. Significantly, Prophet Muhammad SAW has warned on threat posed by pest cluster including rat in his set saying. Thus, this article strives to peel regarding rats description with the methods to interact with pests through al-Hadith discussions. This case is important to provide guidance to society regarding harms that able to be incarnated by particular animal and also the most efficient control techniques to Prophetic tradition without marginalizing animal exclusive rights. The findings show that the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) himself explained the najasah of rat as a pest and the Islamic ruling of killing it. In addition, this study is also bring up five [5] methods of interacting with fasiq animals based on understanding of Prophetic Traditions and nine [9] infection control and prevention guidelines from leptospirosis. Keywords: Rat; Threat; Pest; Significant; Control Technique Leptospirosis (wabak kencing tikus) boleh dikategorikan sebagai pembunuh senyap kepada manusia. Subjek pernah membangkitkan keresahan dalam kalangan rakyat Malaysia pada tahun 2012 hingga 2014. Beberapa siri kematian termasuk melibatkan golongan selebriti telah membuatkannya mendapat perhatian meluas seluruh rakyat Malaysia. Penularan wabak bawaan tikus ini menjangkiti manusia melalui air yang dicemari air kencing, kuping kulit (tisu badan), lendir hidung, mulut dan mata tikus. Pelbagai tindakan kawalan yang difikirkan wajar telah dilaksanakan di peringkat negeri dan kawasan, termasuk meracun, memasang perangkap dan memberi ganjaran bagi setiap tikus yang ditangkap atau dibunuh. Signifikannya, Nabi SAW telah membincangkan mengenai ancaman kelompok haiwan perosak termasuk tikus dalam himpunan sabdanya. Justeru, makalah ini berusaha mengupas fiqh al-Hadith berkenaan tikus yang didapati daripada perbincangan ulama‟ klasik dan kontemporari. Ini penting bagi memberi panduan kepada masyarakat akan mudarat yang mampu dijelmakan haiwan tertentu dan teknik kawalan paling berkesan menurut sunnah Nabi SAW tanpa meminggirkan hak-hak eksklusif haiwan. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa Nabi SAW telah menjelaskan mengenai kenajisan tikus sebagai haiwan perosak dan hukum membunuhnya. Selain itu, kajian ini turut mengemukakan lima [5] kaedah berinteraksi dengan haiwan fasiq berdasarkan kefahaman al-Hadith dan sembilan [9] kaedah pencegahan daripada jangkitan wabak kencing tikus. Kata kunci: Tikus; Wabak Kencing Tikus; Bahaya; Haiwan Perosak; Metode Interaksi

Development of a feed-intake model for evaluation of toxins associated with endophyte-infected fescue

Feed intake of rats may serve as a sensitive respondent to toxins found in endophyte-infected fescue. Unfortunately, there have been few controlled studies of feed intake to create a reliable model. In the present study, rats were fed diets containing different amounts of endophyte-infected fescue (E+) and ergovaline (EV; a primary toxin associated with fescue toxicosis) to develop a dose-response curve for feed intake. Dose-dependent reduction in feed intake was observed, with a decrease even at the lowest concentration of EV. Involvement of ergotamine (i.e. another toxin in E+) in fescue toxicosis-induced reduction in intake was evaluated by adding it to diets. In contrast to EV treatment, there was only a small reduction in feed intake with ergotamine, followed by rapid recovery to pretreatment levels. A more effective paradigm for evaluating the effect of different toxins on feed intake and potential treatments may be a restricted feed regimen. Rats placed on a 2-h restricted-feed program of ground commercial chow followed by E+ diet show a decrease in both feed intake and growth. Future studies will refine this routine to identify specific effects of toxins found in endophyte-infected fescue on feed intake. Keywords: rat, fescue toxicosis, feed intake