Revealing the Weakness of Addition Chain Based Masked SBox Implementations

Addition chain is a well-known approach for implementing higher-order masked SBoxes. However, this approach induces more computations of intermediate monomials over F2n, which in turn leak more information related to the sensitive variables and may decrease its side-channel resistance consequently. In this paper, we introduce a new notion named polygon degree to measure the resistance of monomial computations. With the help of this notion, we select several typical addition chain implementations with the strongest or the weakest resistance. In practical experiments based on an ARM Cortex-M4 architecture, we collect power and electromagnetic traces in consideration of different noise levels. The results show that the resistance of the weakest masked SBox implementation is close to that of an unprotected implementation, while the strongest one can also be broken with fewer than 1,500 traces due to extra leakages. Moreover, we study the resistance of addition chain implementations against profiled attacks. We find that some monomials with smaller output size leak more information than the SBox output. The work by Duc et al. at JOC 2019 showed that for a balanced function, the smaller the output size is, the less information is leaked. Thus, our attacks demonstrate that this property of balanced functions does not apply to unbalanced functions.

Compromised multi-granulation rough sets based on an attribute-extension chain

The multi-granulation rough sets serve as important hierarchical models for intelligent systems. However, their mainstream optimistic and pessimistic models are respectively too loose and strict, and this defect becomes especially serious in hierarchical processing on an attribute-expansion sequence. Aiming at the attribute-addition chain, compromised multi-granulation rough set models are proposed to systematically complement and balance the optimistic and pessimistic models. According to the knowledge refinement and measure order induced by the attribute-enlargement sequence, the basic measurement positioning and corresponding pointer labeling based on equilibrium statistics are used, and thus we construct four types of compromised models at three levels of knowledge, approximation, and accuracy. At the knowledge level, the median positioning of ordered granulations derives Compromised-Model 1; at the approximation level, the average positioning of approximation cardinalities is performed, and thus the separation and integration of dual approximations respectively generate Compromised-Models 2 and 3; at the accuracy level, the average positioning of applied accuracies yields Compromised-Model 4. Compromised-Models 1–4 adopt distinctive cognitive levels and statistical perspectives to improve and perfect the multi-granulation rough sets, and their properties and effectiveness are finally verified by information systems and data experiments.

A SUSTAINABLE PALM FRUIT VALUE CHAIN MODEL FOR SMALL-SCALE ACTORS IN NIGERIA

This theory’s model was driven by the need to empirically establish the possibility of smallholder’s in the Nigerian palm fruit value chain to compete with large-scale actors. Thereby, capturing a share of the consumer income which would promote sustainability. To achieve it, a theory submitted. Within this model, nineteen conceptual relationships were proposed to be contributors in the palm fruit value addition chain. A PLS-SEM technique was used to investigate the validity of these relationships. The primary data used for the investigation was surveyed from extension agents in Edo South agro-ecological zone of Edo State Nigeria. First, the article introduced the term Value Chain Theory. Next, it briefly familiarizes the readers with what structural equation modeling is all about, as well as its applications. Subsequently, the document preview literature on the pathways towards modeling a sustainable smallholder’s palm fruit’s value chain. Afterward, the researcher creates the path model for the drive of the investigation. Following that, the author ensured that the methodological approaches adopted in achieving the investigation were clearly specified. After which the results from the analysis ran were serially outlined and discussed. Last, but not least, the implications for the use of this model was highlighted and conclusion for the study was drawn. Thus, the author commended the robustness of the theory and, afterward, proposed a confirmatory test for the model. It was concluded that the tool exhibits prospects for promoting sustainability in the palm fruit value supply chain if properly adopted.

The biomimetic detection of progesterone by novel bifunctional group monomer based molecularly imprinted polymers prepared in UV light

A novel itaconic acid based progesterone imprinted biosensor was prepared via a reversible addition chain transfer mechanism and surface plasmon resonance.

A study on evergreen strategies that drive successful entrepreneurship in india

With more and more startups India can aspire to be world leader in skilled work and outsourcing destination for IT services. India has emerged as the fastest growing major economy in the world as per the Central Statistics Organisation and International Monetary Fund and it is expected to be one of the top three economic powers of the world over the next 10-15 years, backed by its strong democracy and partnerships. However, more important aspect is the technologicalenhancement they bring to the country. Startups involve dealing with new technology which generally lies at the highest end of value addition chain.

Simulated Annealing Meta-heuristic for Addition Chain Optimization

In this work, a simulated annealing (SA) algorithm is implemented in the Python programming language with the aim of minimizing addition chains of the "star-chain" type. The strategies for generating and mutating individuals are similar to those used by the evolutionary programming (EP) and genetic algorithms (GA) methods found in the literature [1]-[3]. The proposed variant is the acceptance mechanism that is based on the simulated annealing meta-heuristic (SA). The hypothesis is that with the proposed acceptance mechanism, diversity is obtained in the search-space through a simple strategy that allows finding better solutions compared to the deterministic method Optimized Window. The simulations were performed with exponents in the range 218-234 and were compared with the results reported in [3], where a GA is proposed to get optimal addition chains. It is concluded that the proposed algorithm is able to find chains of shorter length than those found with the Optimized Window method and with a performance similar to that of the GA proposed in [3].

Strategic Policies in Expanding Frontiers of Food Security among Cassava-based Farmers in Cross River State, Nigeria

The research was carried out to identify the possible constraints and development of strategic policies in expanding and improving cassava production and processing amongst cassava value chain actors in Cross River State, Nigeria. Data generated from the research the 150 cassava producers and processors (cassava value chain actors) through the use of well- define structured interview schedule was collated. The Multistage sampling procedure was adopted in selection of farmer respondents. The multivariate analytical technique was used in analyzing generated data employing the statistical application software of Genstat version 12. The eigen value, percentage variations and loading values contributing to low cassava output were used in achieving the objectives. The results showed that the major constraints to cassava production and processing were agronomic, technical/institutional and financial constraints. The major policy strategies should include a global, national, regional and community strategies all geared towards the evolution of industry analysis for improving cassava productivity in the study area through the development of the traditional farming systems, making good planting material accessible to farmers and on time and at lowest possible prices; the provision of credit facilities to the resource poor cassava –based farmers in the area with no collateral; the establishment of cassava product based cottage industries in the area for cassava value chain development; provision of adequate cassava processing equipment and the formation of cassava farmers’ multipurpose cooperative societies to enhance farmers’ access to benefit from world bank assisted programmes; have free access to basic information and production facilities. The study, therefore, recommended that cassava product based cottage industries be established in the study area in order to encourage both producers and processors in the value addition chain. This will also provide employment and likewise encourage the restive youths in the region to venture into agriculture as a business for economic returns, growth and development of the area. The identified constraints with the higher loading values for each of the principal multivariate should be strengthened using appropriate development strategies/policies to ensure food security and increased farm income for cassava – based farmers in the region.