Exploring trends for the H SAF ASCAT root-zone soil moisture data records

<p>Environmental (e.g. floods, droughts) and weather prediction systems rely on an accurate representation of soil moisture (SM). The EUMETSAT H SAF aims to provide high quality satellite-based hydrological products, including SM.<br>ECMWF is producing ASCAT root zone SM for H SAF. The production relies on an Extended Kalman filter to retrieve root zone SM from surface SM satellite data. A 10 km sampling reanalysis product (1992-2020) forced by ERA5 atmospheric fields (H141/H142) is produced for H SAF, which assimilates ERS/SCAT (1992-2006) and ASCAT-A/B/C (2007-2020) derived surface SM. The root-zone SM performance is validated using sparse in situ observations globally and generally demonstrates a positive and consistent correlation over the period. A negative trend in root-zone SM is found during summer and autumn months over much of Europe during the period (1992-2020). This is consistent with expected climate change impacts and is particularly alarming over the water-scarce Mediterranean region. The recent hot and dry summer of 2019 and dry spring of 2020 are well captured by negative root-zone SM anomalies. Plans for the future H SAF data record products will be presented, including the assimilation of high-resolution EPS-SCA-derived soil moisture data.</p>

Improving the Efficiency of Photodynamic Chemotherapy in Root Canals against Enterococcus faecalis In Vitro

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) on Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) biofilms in root canals using an 90% isopropanol (IPA)-based photosensitizer and removing excess photosensitizer before light incubation. Three hundred and seven extracted human teeth with one root canal were infected with E. faecalis for 72 h and treated in groups: IPA irrigation; PACT; PACT and final rinse with IPA; PACT with photosensitizer removal using either 0.9% NaCl solution or sterile paper points or both; PACT using IPA-based photosensitizer with and without a final rinse of IPA. Root canals were sampled using sterile paper points and dentin chips collected from the root canal walls. Additionally, SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) images of the specimens were taken to evaluate the root canal walls for residue bacterial contamination. In all antimicrobial treatment groups treatments E. faecalis counts were significantly reduced in the root canals. Using IPA-based photosensitizer the antimicrobial effect of PACT was significantly enhanced. Irrigation with IPA alone or after PACT significantly increased the antimicrobial effect compared to PACT alone. The collected dentin chips revealed the highest amount of culture negative root canals (10%) after PACT using IPA-based photosensitizer. In the other groups, the culture negative samples ranged from only 0–2 specimens of 30 specimens. REM images show remaining E. faecalis cells on the root canal wall and inside dentin tubules. Using IPA-based photosensitizer significantly enhanced the antimicrobial effect of PACT against E. faecalis in the root canals.

Dialectal Variation in Clitic Placement in Andalusian and Asturian Spanish Negative Infinitival Imperatives

This chapter investigates a novel syntactic contrast regarding the placement of clitics in negative root infinitival sentences with imperative illocutionary force in two varieties of Iberian Spanish, (Lower) Andalusian and (Central) Asturian Spanish. Data reveals a stark difference in clitic directionality in second person plural imperatives with infinitives: whereas positive imperatives involve postverbal clitics in both dialects, negative imperatives involve enclisis in AndSp but proclisis in AsturSp, a phenomenon reminiscent of Italian negative singular imperatives. Under a PF-merger+copy-and-delete approach, imperatives involve an affixal null F head that must merge with a PF-adjacent host. This analysis allows for a uniform syntactic treatment of the relevant construction in the two dialects, the difference between the two varieties reducing to PF considerations. This approach also makes use of the same machinery employed to account for the infamous ban on negative imperatives operative in languages like Greek and Spanish, which provides novel crosslinguistic support for the analysis The evidence adduced here also has consequences for verb height and word order as well as for the architecture of the clausal left edge.

Banach function norms via Cauchy polynomials and applications

Let X1,…,Xk be quasinormed spaces with quasinorms | ⋅ |j, j = 1,…,k, respectively. For any f = (f1,⋯,fk) ∈ X1 ×⋯× Xk let ρ(f) be the unique non-negative root of the Cauchy polynomial [Formula: see text]. We prove that ρ(⋅) (which in general cannot be expressed by radicals when k ≥ 5) is a quasinorm on X1 ×⋯× Xk, which we call root quasinorm, and we find a characterization of this quasinorm as limit of ratios of consecutive terms of a linear recurrence relation. If X1,…,Xk are normed, Banach or Banach function spaces, then the same construction gives respectively a normed, Banach or a Banach function space. Norms obtained as roots of polynomials are already known in the framework of the variable Lebesgue spaces, in the case of the exponent simple function with values 1,…,k. We investigate the properties of the root quasinorm and we establish a number of inequalities, which come from a rich literature of the past century.

Numerical and Experimental Study on Jet Trajectories and Mixing Behavior of Venturi-Jet Mixer

An investigation of the jet trajectories and mixing behavior of venturi-jet mixers, in which turbulent jet injects fluid at an arbitrary angle to mix incompressible fluids, is described in this paper. Numerical results of an incompressible cross flow-jet mixing in venturi-jet mixers are presented and validated against experimental results. Jet trajectories, concentration decay of tracer jet, spatial unmixedness, and mixing length are computed for a range of injection angles (45 deg≤θo≤135 deg). Twenty-five cases are studied with five different initial injection angles, each with five different jet momentum ratios. As an example of practical insights that can be gained from such detailed analysis, the resulting flow field is used to obtain an equation for trajectory and tracer concentration in the mixer. The penetration of jet scales with the third root of the jet-to-mainstream momentum ratio and that of with square root of downstream distance. The decay of mean concentration scales with the inverse of axial distance and with the negative root of injection angle. The results show a consistency in the experimental data and simulation has provided a good insight into the flow details and has paved the way in optimization of the geometry based on jet injection angle to get a good mixing efficiency.