Resonance in the Cart-Pendulum System—An Asymptotic Approach

The major objective of this research is to study the planar dynamical motion of 2DOF of an auto-parametric pendulum attached with a damped system. Using Lagrange’s equations in terms of generalized coordinates, the fundamental equations of motion (EOM) are derived. The method of multiple scales (MMS) is applied to obtain the approximate solutions of these equations up to the second order of approximation. Resonance cases are classified, in which the primary external and internal resonance are investigated simultaneously to establish both the solvability conditions and the modulation equations. In the context of the stability conditions of these solutions, the equilibrium points are obtained and graphically displayed to derive the probable steady-state solutions near the resonances. The temporal histories of the attained results, the amplitude, and the phases of the dynamical system are depicted in graphs to describe the motion of the system at any instance. The stability and instability zones of the system are explored, and it is discovered that the system’s performance is stable for a significant number of its variables.

Modeling, Simulation, and Analysis of a Variable-Length Pendulum Water Pump

Due to the long-term problem of electricity and potable water in most developing and undeveloped countries, predominantly rural areas, a novelty of the pendulum water pump, which uses a vertically excited parametric pendulum with variable-length using a sinusoidal excitation as a vibrating machine, is presented. With this, more oscillations can be achieved, reducing human effort further and having high output than the existing pendulum water pump with the conventional pendulum. The pendulum, lever, and piston assembly are modeled by a separate dynamical system and then joined into the many degrees-of-freedom dynamical systems. The present work includes friction while studying the system dynamics and then simulated to verify the system’s harmonic response. The study showed the effect of the pendulum length variability on the whole system’s performance. The vertically excited parametric pendulum with variable length in the system is established, giving faster and longer oscillations than the pendulum with constant length. Hence, more and richer dynamics are achieved. A quasi-periodicity behavior is noticed in the system even after 50 s of simulation time; this can be compensated when a regular external forcing is applied. Furthermore, the lever and piston oscillations show a transient behavior before it finally reaches a stable behavior.

Nonlinear Dynamics of the Parametric Pendulum with a View on Wave Energy Harvesting Applications

In this article, nonlinear dynamics tools are employed to quantify the ability of pendulum harvesters to recover energy from the sea waves. The versatility of pendulum harvesters is highlighted, as it is shown that devices can be scaled to produce a usable energy from 6 W to 10 kW. Several aspects of the pendulum's dynamics having a key influence on power generation are discussed by means of bifurcation diagrams, parameter spaces and basins of attraction. Parameter ranges that minimize the need for a control action are identified, and an explanation is provided on why tilting the pendulum's plane of rotation improves power generation. A practical mathematical model of the parametric pendulum is formulated for such purpose. This model incorporates the possibility of accounting an arbitrary number of concentric masses, while allowing a simple and direct correlation between dimensionless approaches and the myriad possible physical configurations of the system.

Analytical and Numerical Study on a Parametric Pendulum with the Step-Wave Modulation of Length and Forcing

A parametric pendulum excited by a discrete wave-modulated step function of length is subjected to a mathematical analysis and numerical modeling. We observe an existence of almost periodic solutions of ordinary differential equations with linear boundary value conditions. An exemplary oscillator subject to both an almost periodic step elongation and forcing synchronizes with the forcing, tending to almost periodic motions like stable limit cycles. Conditions for that synchronization as well as trajectories of numerical solutions on time history plots and phase planes are shown to confirm correctness of the analytical derivations and dedicated numerical modeling.

Energy extraction from vortex-induced vibrations using period-1 rotation of an autoparametric pendulum

We propose and analyse the feasibility of extracting energy from vortex-induced vibrations using rotating motion of an attached pendulum. The resulting autoparametric pendulum system is studied primarily to understand the effect of pendulum motion on the performance of the harvester which is typically ignored to result in a simple parametric pendulum. We find that rotating motions are possible only for small values of the pendulum mass when compared with the effective mass of the vibrating structure. However, the pendulum motion reduces the basin of attraction as well as the range of system parameters corresponding to the existence of rotary solutions. This significantly alters the harvester performance. By contrast, the evolution of the pendulum coordinates (angular position and velocity) remains largely unaffected by this interaction. Hence, for the purpose of design of controllers to robustly initiate/maintain rotation from arbitrary disturbances, the simplification to a parametric pendulum is reasonable while for the design of the harvester, this exercise is completely unsatisfactory.