The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in various domains has drastically increased during the last decade. Nature-inspired computing is a strong computing approach that belongs to AI and covers a wide range of techniques. It has successfully tackled many complex problems and outperformed several classical techniques. This chapter provides the original ideas behind some nature-inspired computing techniques and their applications, such as the genetic algorithms, particle swarm optimization, grey wolf optimizer, ant colony optimization, plant propagation algorithm, cuckoo optimization algorithm, and artificial neural networks.