Enhancement of Ceramics Based Red-Clay by Bulk and Nano Metal Oxides for Photon Shielding Features

We prepared red clays by introducing different percentages of PbO, Bi2O3, and CdO. In order to understand how the introduction of these oxides into red clay influences its attenuation ability, the mass attenuation coefficient of the clays was experimentally measured in a lab using an HPGe detector. The theoretical shielding capability of the material present was obtained using XCOM to verify the accuracy of the experimental results. We found that the experimental and theoretical values agree to a very high degree of precision. The effective atomic number (Zeff) of pure red clay, and red clay with the three metal oxides was determined. The pure red clay had the lowest Zeff of the tested samples, which means that introducing any of these three oxides into the clay will greatly enhance its Zeff, and consequently its attenuation capability. Additionally, the Zeff for red clay with 10 wt% CdO is lower than the Zeff of red clay with 10 wt% Bi2O3 and PbO. We also prepared red clay using 10 wt% CdO nanoparticles and compared its attenuation ability with the red clay prepared with 10 wt% PbO, Bi2O3, and CdO microparticles. We found that the MAC of the red clay with 10 wt% nano-CdO was higher than the MAC of the clay with microparticle samples. Accordingly, nanoparticles could be a useful way to enhance the shielding ability of current radiation shielding materials.

Photocatalytic degradation of Eosin B dye in aqueous solution by cadmium oxide nanoparticles

Cadmium oxide (CdO) and potassium (K) doped CdO nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by the chemical co-precipitation method and were used as photocatalysts for the degradation of Eosin B dye. The X-ray diffraction results presented that the crystallite size of undoped CdO and K doped CdO NPs were 43.74 and 42.31 nm, respectively. The morphological study and percent composition of synthesized undoped CdO and K doped CdO NPs was done by scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The formation of NPs was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The precursor decomposition to CdO after annealing at ∼500 °C was studied by thermogravimetric analysis. The undoped CdO and K doped CdO nanoparticles degraded about 80% and 90% of the dye, respectively, in 140 min. The maximum degradation efficiency of the dye was achieved at a pH of 4, dye initial concentration of 15 ppm, catalyst dose of 20 mg, and a temperature of 45 °C. The degradation efficiency observed for recovered undoped CdO and recovered doped CdO nanoparticles was found to be 63% and 77%, respectively.

A comparative study of the method of Williamson Hall and the pattern of cadmium oxide nanoparticles for X-rays

X-ray difraction (XRD) is an effective non-destructive instrument used in the determination and analysis of amorphous and crystalline materials. Three basic elements are the X-ray diffractometers: the X-ray tube, a retention of samples and an X-ray detector. In many industries such as diodes, transistors, detectors, solar and photovoltaic cells, cadmium oxide CdO nanoparticles are used. For this analysis, CdO nanoparticles are semi-conductors (type) and band-gaps of 2.5 eV and 1.98 eV in direct and indirect bands using cadmium oxide. Several temperatures, effects and parameters such as texture coefficient (TC), dislocation density(μ), special area (SSA), and micro strain were measured and determined (S). The peaks of the analysis were the extension of the nano structure, crystal size and grid pressure of the CdO and were measured using the Size Train Plot of Williamson-Hall (SSP). The composition of the particle is the cubic fluorite and spatial group Fm-3m (225). In the peaks resulting from the calcination process, strain enlargement was observed. Accordingly, the above procedure determined all physical parameters as a result of the diffraction effects.

Efficient Photocatalytic and EMI Shielding Properties of CdO/ La2O3 Nanocomposites

The pure CdO and CdO/La 2 O 3 , and CdO/La 2 O 3 /PVP nanocomposites were synthesized by microwave irradiation method. The prepared samples are analyzed by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Transmission electron microscope (TEM), UV visible spectrometer, Photoluminescence (PL), and Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). XRD and FTIR studies confirmed the formation of binary metallic nanocomposites. SEM and TEM analysis authenticate that the addition of lanthanum oxide and PVP influences the size and morphology of CdO nanoparticles the bandgap value can be tuned by the addition of La 2 O 3 and PVP. Photoluminescence spectra show the violet emission in the region between 432 nm to 460 nm and the green emission peak at 529 nm for all three synthesized samples. CIE color coordinates for CdO and CdO/La 2 O 3 , and CdO/La 2 O 3 /PVP nanocomposites were also estimated from emission spectrum. The VSM results confirmed that the nanocomposites possess the weak ferromagnetic properties due to the inclusion of La 2 O 3 and PVP. The dielectric constant, electrical conductivity and dielectric loss values at room temperature have been analyzed for CdO and CdO/La 2 O 3 , and CdO/La 2 O 3 /PVP nanocomposites. Among the three synthesized samples, the CdO/La 2 O 3 /PVP nanocomposite attain high electromagnetic shielding efficiency. Furthermore, the rare earth element lanthanum oxide and PVP enhances the efficiency of photocatalytic degradation of MB dye.