Sprouting and rooting ability of the plus trees of Eucalyptus pellita, E. brassiana and its hybrid in Wanagama, Indonesia

The demand for eucalypts has greatly increased since they are raw materials for timbers, plywoods, pulp and papers, and essential oil production. This study aimed to select the plus trees and determine the sprouting and rooting ability of E. pellita, E. brassiana, and their hybrids in Wanagama. Plus trees selection and girdling were conducted in December 2019. Cuttings were picked from the 3rd-4th nodes of sprouting at 8-10 cm in length. A completely randomized design was applied in a factorial experiment with three levels of Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) (100, 1000, and 4000 ppm) and two types of media (media 1: sand, rice husk charcoal and cocopeat (2:2:1), media 2: sand, topsoil and dung-fertilizer (2:2:1)), with ten replications. Results selected a total of 53 plus trees candidates (29 of E. pellita, 12 of E. brassiana, and 12 of hybrid). E. pellita is the best in sprouting ability (100% survival; 41-60 shoot/trees, 127-161cm shoot length, 0.53-0.57cm shoot diameter, and 194-252 leaves/shoot). Cuttings of E. pellita treated with 100 ppm IBA gained the highest survival and leaves production (96%-100%; 14-16 leaves), followed by E. brassiana (52%-66.67%; 7 leaves) and the hybrid (4% to 8.33%; 3-4 leaves). These results may contribute to arranging better strategies for mass production of selected eucalypts.

EFFECT OF VARIOUS WATER REGIMES AND HERBICIDES ON THE RE-SPROUTING ABILITY OF COMMON REED RHIZOME FRAGMENTS

Two separate experiments were conducted to examine the effect of various water regimes and herbicides on re-sprouting-ability of common reed rhizome fragments. Each experiment was laid-out in completely randomized design (CRD) having water levels and herbicides as treatments, replicated thrice. Five fragments of fresh rhizomes with active buds were placed in the soil in each pot for investigating the effect of various water regimes on re-sprouting of common reed. Sprouting were examined up to two months. While in the 2nd experiment post emergence herbicides were applied to the re-sprouts to check the efficacy of various herbicides against common reed management. Various water regimes affected the re-sprouting ability of common reed rhizomes. The lowest sprouting (6.66%) were noted for T8 (control) where no water was applied except at the time of placing the rhizomes in the pots, while maximum (96.66%) sprouting observed within (T3) water was applied from 5th to 7th weeks (5 times). While in the 2nd experiment herbicides significantly affected the re-sprouting ability, growth and biomass production of common reed and minimum re-sprouting and shoot biomass (3.33% and 6.00 g), respectively, were noted for fenoxaprop-p-ethyl as compared to control treatment (90.00% and 38.67 g) where no herbicide had been applied. Therefore it is concluded from the results that on either side from water regime T5 the re-sprouting ability decreases and buds mortality increases, which clearly indicates that common reed needs slightly moist soil to start the re-sprouting and do not need standing water during that period, while after re-sprouting it do needs water i.e. from 3rd weed onwards and dry conditions afterwards (T6-T8) cannot be tolerated. Therefore flooding common reed after cutting [1]for three weeks of draining and keeping them dry for 8 weeks can be used as cultural control method for common reed management, while in case of herbicides fenoxaprop-p-ethyl gives desirable results to control the common reed and to stop further infestation.

Paternally expressed retrotransposon Gag-like 1 gene, RTL1, is one of the crucial elements for placental angiogenesis in horses†

RTL1 (retrotransposon Gag-like 1) is an essential gene in the development of the human and murine placenta. Several fetal and placental abnormalities such as intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and hydrops conditions have been associated with altered expression of this gene. However, the function of RTL1 has not been identified. RTL1 is located on a highly conserved region in eutherian mammals. Therefore, the genetic and molecular analysis in horses could hold important implications for other species, including humans. Here, we demonstrated that RTL1 is paternally expressed and is localized within the endothelial cells of the equine (Equus caballus) chorioallantois. We developed an equine placental microvasculature primary cell culture and demonstrated that RTL1 knockdown leads to loss of the sprouting ability of these endothelial cells. We further demonstrated an association between abnormal expression of RTL1 and development of hydrallantois. Our data suggest that RTL1 may be essential for placental angiogenesis, and its abnormal expression can lead to placental insufficiency. This placental insufficiency could be the reason for IUGR and hydrops conditions reported in other species, including humans.

White Oak (Quercus Fabri Hance) Regenerated Stump Sprouts Show Few Symptom of Senescence During 40 Years’growth in the Natural Forest

Background: The linkage between parent tree’s physiological age and clonal offspring’s lifespan is unclear. White Oak (Quercus fabri Hance) have high sprouting ability after harvest, the regenerated sprouts are typical clonal individuals. Methods: To confirm whether regenerated sprouts will senesce faster, we evaluated the senescence level regenerated stump sprouts with the age of 5-, 10-, 20- and 40- years in the natural forest, compared antioxidative abilities and transcriptomes in leaves and shoots. Results: We found elder regenerated sprouts still had robust antioxidative system, peroxidation products were lower in elder sprouts, antioxidative enzymes activities were similar in 5- and 40-years sprouts. Elder leaves even had higher transcriptional activities in pathways related to cell growth and division. However, elder sprouts also had a few signals of unhealthy: base excision repair, proteasome, proteasome, and glycerophospholipid metabolism pathways upregulated in 40 years leaves, that meant DNA damage and tissue remodeling was more frequent in leaves; plant-pathogen interaction and MAPK signals pathways upregulated in elder shoots, that meant shoots suffered more biotic stress form pathogen. Conclusions: The results indicate 40 years sprouts still had the same vitality with 5 years sprouts, although some unhealthy signals occurred in 40 years sprouts. We conclude that regenerated stump sprouts do not begin to senesce in 40 years, parent tree’s physiological age do not significant shorten the lifespan of clonal offspring.

Bud blight (Gemmamyces piceae) in the eastern part of the Krušné hory Mountains

A survey was carried out in 2013–2019 on the life cycle of the bud blight Gemmamyces piceae (Borthw.) Casagrande and the trend assessment in the infestation of the Colorado blue spruce Picea pungens Engelm. stands. Four ecologically different plots were chosen in the Fláje region in the Eastern part of the Krušné hory Mountains. The pycnidia were formed at the beginning of June on buds infested the previous year. Later, in the second half of June, they formed on the spring attack buds. Conidia occurred in the first week of July on the buds of the old infestation, or later in the case of the spring attack buds, in the middle of July. The production of conidia lasted till the end of September. Ascospores occurred in the middle of July and were produced until the end of September. The ability of host trees to sprout became continually weaker, along with the defoliation progress. A distinct decline in the sprouting ability was noticed on stands with a dense crown canopy and on stands with competition of broad-leaved trees – with an admixture of birch.

Black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) colonization by macrofungi in the fourth season of its decline due to different control measures in the Kampinos national Park

The experiment conducted in the Kampinos National Park since 2015 was aimed at assessing the sprouting ability of black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) in response to different measures of mechanical control and mycobiota colonizing the dying trees. Basal cut-stump, cutting at ca. 1 m above the ground and girdling were performed on 4 terms, two plots and applied to 25 trees, 600 trees in total. Sprouts were removed every 8 weeks since the initial treatment for 4 consecutive growing seasons, except winter-treated trees. At the end of the fourth season of control, 515 out of 600 trees were dead (86%): 81% on Lipków and 90% on Sieraków plot. Among 18 experiment variants with sprouts removal, 17 showed more than 80% of dead trees. The lowest, 76% share, concerned summer cut-stump at the base of the tree. For winter measures, the share of dead trees was lower in all cases and ranged from 28% to 64% proving that sprouts removal contributes to the drop of sprouting strength and quicker dying of the trees. Almost 80% of trees showed sporocarps that represented 51 taxa of macrofungi in total, including 6 Ascomycota and 45 Basidiomycota. The group of six most frequently encountered fungi includes: Hyphoderma setigerum, Bjerkandera adusta, Peniophora cinerea, Armillaria ostoyae, Nectria cinnabarina, Stereum hirsutum. Both plots had similar share of black cherry individuals with sporocarps of macrofungi, that is, 81% and 78% for Sieraków and Lipków respectively. The share of colonized trees and the number of reported macrofungal taxa increased significantly compared to the year following the treatment. In addition, the composition of macrofungi changed with the progressing dying of trees. These results broaden the knowledge about macroscopic fungi colonising and living on black cherry within its secondary range of distribution. Moreover, one macrofungus and two microfungi new for KNP are reported.

Indicative properties study of Medicago sativa L. culture under the oil-polluted condition

For indicative properties study of plant culture with Medicago sativa L. was made an effort in oil-polluted areas under the Abcheron condition. With this purpose the sprouting ability of the plant seeds treated by different density 1%; 5%; 10%; 15%; 50%. Crude oil was determined, and the morphometric measurements of the inducted seeds were performed in their ontogenesis first stage.