Quantifying the Density of mmWave NR Deployments for Provisioning Multi-Layer VR Services

The 5G New Radio (NR) technology operating in millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency band is designed for support bandwidth-greedy applications requiring extraordinary rates at the access interface. However, the use of directional antenna radiation patterns, as well as extremely large path losses and blockage phenomenon, requires efficient algorithms to support these services. In this study, we consider the multi-layer virtual reality (VR) service that utilizes multicast capabilities for baseline layer and unicast transmissions for delivering an enhanced experience. By utilizing the tools of stochastic geometry and queuing theory we develop a simple algorithm allowing to estimate the deployment density of mmWave NR base stations (BS) supporting prescribed delivery guarantees. Our numerical results show that the highest gains of utilizing multicast service for distributing base layer is observed for high UE densities. Despite of its simplicity, the proposed multicast group formation scheme operates close to the state-of-the-art algorithms utilizing the widest beams with longest coverage distance in approximately 50–70% of cases when UE density is λ≥0.3. Among other parameters, QoS profile and UE density have a profound impact on the required density of NR BSs while the effect of blockers density is non-linear having the greatest impact on strict QoS profiles. Depending on the system and service parameters the required density of NR BSs may vary in the range of 20–250 BS/km2.

Layered-Division Multiplexing in 5G New -Radio for Terrestrial Broadcast Services

The 5G system can deliver simultaneouslyunicast services, multicast services and broadcast services using the conventional high-power high- tower (HPHT) infrastructure and with the same spectrum.The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) LTEevolved -multimedia broadcast- multicast service (eMBMS) have new features designed for Terrestrial Broadcast services in Release 14. A broadcast service means only receive mode, only downlink no uplink or inserting a SIM card not needed. In free to air reception without a SIM card or without user device registration with the network the content can be received. This specification is standardized in release 15. In this study a two layer Layered-Division Multiplexing (LDM) is used in 5G new radio (NR).A significant performance could be analyzed in a 5G- NRMBMS by using two layer LDM system for delivering terrestrial broadcast services. The performance analysis demonstrated by computer simulations. Using two-layer LDM in 5G-NRMBMS system a high-qualityservice can be provided to both handheld and fixed devices

An Identifier and Locator Decoupled Multicast Approach (ILDM) Based on ICN

Many bandwidth-intensive applications (such as online live, online games, etc.) are more suitable for using multicast to transmit information. Due to the advantages in scalability, Shared Tree (ST) is more suitable for large-scale deployment than Source-Based Tree (SBT). However, in ST-based multicast, all multicast sources need to send multicast data to a center node called a core, which will lead to core overload and traffic concentration. Besides, most existing multicast protocols use the shortest path between the source or the core and each receiver to construct the multicast tree, which will result in traffic overload on some links. In this paper, we propose an Identifier and Locator Decoupled Multicast approach (ILDM) based on Information-Centric Networking (ICN). ILDM uses globally unique names to identify multicast services. For each multicast service, the mapping between the multicast service name and the addresses of multicast tree nodes is stored in the Name Resolution System (NRS). To avoid core overload and traffic aggregation, we presented a dynamic core management and selection mechanism, which can dynamically select a low-load core for each multicast service. Furthermore, we designed a path state-aware multicast tree node selection mechanism to achieve traffic load balancing by using low-load links more effectively. Experimental results showed that our proposed multicast approach outperformed some other multicast methods in terms of core load, number of join requests, link load, traffic concentration, and routing state.

Resource Management of Mixed Unicast and Multicast Services Over LTE

In recent years, mobile operators are observing a growing demand of multicast services over radio cellular networks. In this scenario, multicasting is the technology exploited to serve a group of users who simultaneously request the same data content. Since multicast applications are expected to be massively exchanged over the forthcoming fifth generation (5G) systems, the third-generation partnership project (3GPP) defined the multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS) standard. MBMS supports multicast services over long-term evolution (LTE), and the 4G wireless technology provides high quality services in mobile environments. Nevertheless, several issues related to the management of MBMS services together with more traditional unicast services are still open. The aim of this chapter is to analyze the main challenges in supporting heterogeneous traffic over LTE with particular attention to resource management, considered as the key aspect for an effective provisioning of mobile multimedia services over cellular networks.