PB-NCC: A Popularity-Based Caching Strategy with Number-of-Copies Control in Information-Centric Networks

The Information-Centric Network (ICN), designed for efficient content acquisition and distribution, is a promising candidate architecture for the future Internet. In-network caching in ICN makes it possible to reuse contents and the Name Resolution System (NRS) makes cached contents better serve users. In this paper, we focused on the ICN caching scenario equipped with an NRS, which records the positions of contents cached in ICN. We propose a Popularity-based caching strategy with Number-of-Copies Control (PB-NCC) in this paper. PB-NCC is proposed to solve the problems of unreasonable content distribution and frequent cache replacement in traditional caching strategies in ICN. We examine PB-NCC with a large number of experiments in different topologies and workloads. The simulation results reveal that PB-NCC can improve the cache hit ratio by at least 8.85% and reduce the server load by at least 11.34% compared with other on-path caching strategies, meanwhile maintaining a low network latency.

Prosedur dan Efektifitas Mekanisme Penyelesaian Sengketa Perdagangan dan Investasi Dalam ASEAN

Trade and investment play an important role in the practice of relations between countries in the prospective economic cooperation efforts to increase the economic growth of each country. In this regard, ASEAN also has legal instruments that regulate transactions and investments among other countries. In the trade regime, ASEAN has several agreements such as the ASEAN Free Trade Agreement, ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement, ASEAN Trade in Services Agreement, ASEAN Framework Agreement on Services, and so on. Meanwhile in the investment regime, ASEAN has the ASEAN Comprehensive Investment Agreement. One of the important components in a Regional Trade Agreement is the clause of a legally binding dispute settlement mechanism. In the trade regime, the system and mechanism of the dispute resolution procedures are separated from other trade agreements, the ASEAN Protocol on the Enhanced Dispute Resolution Mechanism. Meanwhile in the Investment regime, the system and mechanism of the dispute resolution procedure are regulated in the same agreement in the ASEAN Comprehensive Investment Agreement. This article will describe the procedural mechanism for the dispute resolution framework of the trade and investment regime in ASEAN, as well as focus on each dispute resolution system with the preferences of each participating country, with differences in the use of the dispute system in the WTO.

An In-Network Cooperative Storage Schema Based on Neighbor Offloading in a Programmable Data Plane

In scientific domains such as high-energy particle physics and genomics, the quantity of high-speed data traffic generated may far exceed the storage throughput and be unable to be in time stored in the current node. Cooperating and utilizing multiple storage nodes on the forwarding path provides an opportunity for high-speed data storage. This paper proposes the use of flow entries to dynamically split traffic among selected neighbor nodes to sequentially amortize excess traffic. We propose a neighbor selection mechanism based on the Local Name Mapping and Resolution System, in which the node weights are computed by combing the link bandwidth and node storage capability, and determining whether to split traffic by comparing normalized weight values with thresholds. To dynamically offload traffic among multiple targets, the cooperative storage strategy implemented in a programmable data plane is presented using the relative weights and ID suffix matching. Evaluation shows that our proposed schema is more efficient compared with end-to-end transmission and ECMP in terms of bandwidth usage and transfer time, and is beneficial in big science.

Alternative ways of resolving legal disputes and their application in Ukraine

Resolving legal conflicts is one of the main tasks of any state. This function is in most cases entrusted to the judiciary, but as experience shows, the court alone cannot ensure the effective functioning of the legal dispute resolution system. For every democratic state, the availability of an alternative is important, and the subject of law must be able to choose the ways of resolving legal disputes. Today in the world there are such alternative ways of resolving disputes as: arbitration, mediation, consultation, negotiations, intersession, conciliation procedure and others. The purpose of the article is to identify the advantages and disadvantages of alternative dispute resolution methods. The article analyzes the literature on this topic, and also presents the features of alternative ways of dispute resolution, which allows us to identify their advantages and disadvantages as a legal procedure. The existence in most countries of the world of alternative dispute resolution is to some extent positive for the parties to the conflict, because dispute resolution through arbitration, mediation, negotiation, consultation and other alternative dispute resolution allows to resolve it without state intervention and they can be solved much faster. Alternative dispute resolution can to some extent be a source of savings money for the state, as they exist independently and do not require funds to provide them from the state, while in Ukraine the system of commercial courts annually requires a fairly large cost of maintaining such courts. Resolving disputes through alternative methods also speeds up their resolution, but in some cases the process itself can be more expensive

An Adaptive Hierarchical Hybrid Multicast Based on Information-Centric Networking

Many information-centric services have emerged, such as IPTV and video conferencing. These services put a lot of demands on scalable multicast communication. However, traditional IP multicast has low adoption because of its poor scalability. Therefore, some stateless multicast methods were proposed, which encapsulate the destination’s information into the packet header without requiring routers to maintain the multicast forwarding state. However, stateless multicast also faces some problems, such as ingress router overload, high forwarding overhead, packet redundancy, etc. In addition, most multicast methods cannot optimize the multicast tree because the multicast flow is simply forwarded along the shortest path tree from the source to receivers. This paper proposes an Adaptive Hierarchical Hybrid Multicast (AHHM) based on Information-Centric Networking. To balance the forwarding states and forwarding overhead, AHHM is designed as a two-layer structure, in which the upper layer establishes a stateful main tree and the lower layer establishes several stateless sub trees. The router on the main tree is defined as the multicast join node (MJN), and AHHM uses the Name Resolution System to maintain the mapping between each multicast group name and corresponding MJNs. To optimize the multicast transmission path, we designed the minimum cost selection strategy for users to select the appropriate MJN to join. Simulation results show that compared with Source-Specific Multicast (SSM) and Bit Index Explicit Replication (BIER), AHHM can not only reduce the multicast forwarding states but also reduce the control overhead and link load.

The Reasons for the Withdrawal of China’s Tobacco Regulatory Papers by the International Journals and Its Regulation by the Law and Administration

Objectives: The analysis of reasons for the China’s tobacco regulatory withdrawal by the international journals and promotion of the tobacco regulation in China is the first aim. Methods: questionnaires investigations method and individual method by the famous case of journal of Nature and recent withdrawal of China’s tobacco regulatory paper are utilized in this paper. eg., Han Chunyu publishes paper in journal of Nature, and it provides the method of editing genome to cure some disease by the tobacco, eg., lung cancer and so on. Results: To analyze the reasons for the withdrawal of the China’s tobacco regulatory paper, the reasons for this matter are multivariate by the different aspects. In general, the reasons are as follows by law aspects: eg., the writer’s absence of legal opinion of law, including the absence of the obligation and rights of publishing contract, the university and researching body to take the index of paper to publish high level papers in the international society as the import task and in some degree to create paper’s the withdrawal, China’s traditional culture and absence of the modern accurate science training and the accurate modern administration system in China’s society. The questionnaires investigations conclusion is to certify that the above reasons for the paper withdrawal are main, and to resolve it by the law and administration. Conclusion: The government and university shall take measures to separate the academic dispute from the paper’s withdrawal and to establish the academic dispute resolution system, to cancel the index mask for the university and to punish the writer of the withdrawal paper, to establish the modern university system to promote the social and economic development and to establish modern accurate administration to avoid the paper’s withdrawal by the international journals.

A Register Access Control Scheme for SNR System to Counter CPA Attack Based on Malicious User Blacklist

Standalone Name Resolution (SNR) is an essential component of many Information-Centric Networking (ICN) infrastructures that maps and stores the mappings of IDs and locators. The delivery of data can be realized only when the name resolution process is completed correctly. It also makes the SNR become the key target of network attackers. In this paper, our research focuses on the more covert and complex Content Pollution Attack (CPA). By continuously sending invalid content to the network at a low speed, attackers will consume a lot of the resources and time of the SNR system, resulting in a serious increase in the resolution delay of normal users and further cache pollution in ICN. It is difficult to be quickly detected because the characteristics of attack are inconspicuous. To address the challenge, a register access control scheme for an SNR system based on a malicious user blacklist query is proposed. A neighbor voting algorithm is designed to discover possible attacks in the network quickly and build a blacklist of malicious users reasonably. Users on the blacklist will be restricted from accessing the ICN network during the registration phase with the resolution system. Incentives and punishments for network users are introduced to automate responses about the potential malicious behavior reports. Our scheme is more efficient as users do not have to wait for an additional system component to perform operations. In addition, our algorithm can better solve the collusion problem in the voting process when compared with the others. We experimentally evaluate our protocol to demonstrate that the probability of successful collusion attack can be reduced to less than 0.1 when the attacker ratio is 0.5.

Abegar indigenous conflict resolution system: a community‐based reconciliation

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the Abegar indigenous conflict resolution system based on community reconciliation in Haberu Woreda, North Wollo. Design/methodology/approach This study has used a qualitative research design and descriptive nature. The study collected primary data from different informants by using such qualitative data collection techniques as an interview, focus group discussions and observation to achieve the research objectives. Findings Accordingly, the finding of the study revealed that Abegars indigenous conflict resolution system aims at the restoration of order and harmony of the community. The types of conflicts presented and resolved in the community are inter-personal, homicide, inter-group in nature, which stemmed from the abduction of girls and women, violation of social values, theft, conflict over claims of a girl, competition over ownership of land and drunkenness. The findings further show that family reconciliation, blood reconciliation (dem maderk) and compensation performance are the major community reconciliation procedures (methods) of conflict management used by the studied community depending on the nature and types of conflicts. Originality/value This symbolic and practical significance to established trust between conflicting parties that their relationship is restored.