What do we mean when we talk about "structure/function" relationships?

In multiple studies "structure/function" has been identified as an important core concept in biology and physiology. Teachers expect their students to be able to use this concept in making sense of physiology. However, it is unclear exactly what physiologists are referring to when they use the term "structure/function." Here I first offer examples of five different ways in which I have used the term in the classroom. Then I propose a conceptual framework that is an explicit statement of the "structure/function" core concept that can be used by teachers and their students as they attempt to master physiology. Determining whether this conceptual framework is completely accurate and whether it will prove useful in the classroom will require feedback from physiology teachers who attempt to use it in their classroom with their students.

A Simple Semi-Analytic Contact Mechanical Model for Tangential and Torsional Fretting Wear of Axisymmetric Contacts

Fretting wear of axisymmetric contacts is considered within the framework of the Hertz–Mindlin approximation and the Archard law for the linear wear. If the characteristic time scale for the wear is much larger than the duration of a single fretting oscillation, the profile change due to wear during one fretting cycle can be neglected for the contact problem as a zero-order approximation. This allows to give an exact contact solution during each fretting cycle, depending on the current worn profile, and thus for the explicit statement of an ordinary integro-differential equation system for the time-evolution of the fretting profile, which can be easily solved numerically. The proposed method gives the same results as a known, contact mechanically more rigorous simulation procedure that also operates within the framework of the Hertz–Mindlin approximation, but works significantly faster than the latter one. Tangential and torsional fretting wear are considered in detail. A comparison of the numerical prediction for the evolution of the worn profile in partial slip torsional fretting of a rubber ball on abrasive paper shows good agreement with experimental results from the literature.

Simulation of boring by smoothed particle hydrodynamics method

The possibility of applying the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method for modeling of cutting processes on the example of multi-blade boring of holes is considered in this paper. Highly nonlinear LS-Dyna solver with an explicit statement of the dynamic modeling problem is used as a software package for modeling. Johnson-Cook formulation with the corresponding empirical coefficients for each material is used as the model of the workpiece material. Absolutely solid tool is used to simplify the model. The kinematic scheme of the tool rotation is implemented using the keyword INITIAL_VELOCITY_GENERATION. The simulation results obtained in the software package are presented in the form of graphs.

Reasons and factors associated with inconclusiveness of systematic reviews about interventions for neuropathic pain

Aim: Systematic reviews (SRs) are frequently inconclusive. The aim of this study was to analyze factors associated with conclusiveness of SRs about efficacy and safety of interventions for neuropathic pain (NeuP). Materials & methods: The study protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database (No. CRD42015025831). Five electronic databases (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cumulative Index for Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects and Psychological Information Database) were searched until July 2018 for SRs about NeuP management. Conclusion statements for efficacy and safety, and characteristics of SRs were analyzed. Conclusiveness was defined as explicit statement by the SR authors that one intervention is better/similar to the other in terms of efficacy and safety. Methodological quality of SRs was assessed with the AMSTAR (A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews) tool. Results: Of 160 SRs, 37 (23%) were conclusive for efficacy and/or safety. In the SRs, conclusions about safety were missing in half of the analyzed abstracts, and a third of the full texts. Conclusive SRs included significantly more trials and participants, searched more databases, had more authors, conducted meta-analysis, analyzed quality of evidence, and had lower methodological quality than inconclusive SRs. The most common reasons for the lack of conclusiveness indicated by the SR authors were the small number of participants and trials, and the high heterogeneity of included studies. Conclusion: Most SRs about NeuP treatment were inconclusive. Sources of inconclusiveness of NeuP reviews need to be further studied, and SR authors need to provide conclusions about both safety and efficacy of interventions.

O tempo conjurado: sobre “Para mascar com chiclets”, de João Cabral de Melo Neto / Conjured Time: On João Cabral de Melo Neto’s “Para mascar com chiclets”

Resumo: Leitura de “Para mascar com chiclets”, de João Cabral de Melo Neto (1998), este ensaio explora as complexidades sintáticas e figurativas do poema, tomando como ponto de partida as tensões entre a aposta anti-ilusionista da poesia moderna e as intimações antropomórficas e alucinatórias da tradição lírica ocidental. Ato contínuo, ao destacar a sutil trama de interrupções que atravessa os versos, tenta-se mostrar como, neste poema, o senso de uma clivagem insuperável separando homem e tempo se dá ver menos como enunciado explícito do que como uma estranha solução de compromisso entre resistência e abstração, prosaico e sublime, na qual o mergulho obsessivo e mecânico na pura repetição torna-se o atalho inesperado para um bizarro ritual autodestitutivo.Palavras-chave: João Cabral de Melo Neto; lírica; antropomorfismo; tropo.Abstract: A reading of João Cabral de Melo Neto’s (1998) “Para mascar com chiclets”, this essay explores the syntactic and figurative complexities of the poem, taking as a point of departure the tensions between the anti-illusionistic commitment of modern poetry and the anthropomorphic and hallucinatory intimations of western lyric tradition. Furthermore, by enhancing the subtle net of disruptions which pervades the verses, one tries to show how, in this poem, the sense of an unsurpassable cleavage separating Man and Time is enacted less as an explicit statement than as frail compromise solution between resistance and abstraction, prosaic and sublime, in which a mechanical and obsessive plunge into pure repetition becomes an unexpected gateway to a weird ritual of self-destitution.Keywords: João Cabral de Melo Neto; lyric; antropomorphism; trope.

Training for professional judgment in accounting education

The global convergence process towards International Financial Reporting Standards supported by multilateral agencies such as the World Bank poses a challenge to accounting education’s ability to make judgments and estimates, due to the emphasis placed on general new principles-based regulation instead of detailed rules. The international literature has highlighted this aspect amply, while in Colombia, it remains incipient. This paper aims to analyze the approach to professional judgment and critical thinking in the educational proposals of high-quality Public Accounting programs in Colombia as a factor contributing to the formation of such judgment in the accountant. This paper provides empirical evidence based on a qualitative-documentary methodology, which analyzes the Educational Projects provided by accredited universities. Among the most relevant findings is the lack of an explicit statement about pedagogical strategies to materialize a professional judgment that some of the universities analyzed mentioned succinctly.

Geschlechterrollen und Homosexualität im Alten Testament

After a few hermeneutical preliminaries reflecting on how to perceive ›homosexuality‹ appropriately in ancient contexts within the framework of gender roles, the exegetic contribution first casts an iconographic glance at two Ancient Near Eastern images. This background then helps to sharpen the contours of prominent OT texts: On the one hand, the narrative creation texts in Gen 1-3 elaborate two distinct models of human gender roles, both of which should be understood as fundamental anthropological and theological constructions and conceptualizations. On the other hand, it becomes clear that the only explicit statement on sexual intercourse between two men in Lev 18:22/20:13 represents a prescriptive parenesis seeking to ensure the transgenerational survival of the threatened Yahweh-community in the Persian province of Yehud. In both instances, the contexts and pragmatics of the texts are essential when asking about possible implications for understanding ›homosexuality‹.

Rights of Arrested Person and How to Protect them in the Libyan Law: حقوق المقبوض عليه ووسائل حمايتها في القانون الليبي

This study deals with the rights of those arrested and their protection in Libyan legislation. The arrest of persons is one of the most important and most dangerous measures against freedom. It affects one of the most important human rights, namely, the right to freedom. Which is legally competent to carry out the investigation, taking into account its detention in the places designated for that purpose. The problem of the legal texts in the Libyan criminal law focuses on the recognition of the rights of those arrested, protecting them against any unlawful interference with them, or exaggeration and strictness in restricting them. What is their compatibility with or contradictions with the basic provisions of the Libyan Constitution? What is the way to remove and raise this discrepancy that exists? In this study, the study relied on the analytical descriptive approach to identify the rights of those arrested, as well as the means established by the law to guarantee these rights from any abuse by the competent authorities in this dangerous procedure, by studying and analyzing the legal texts and relevant judicial decisions. The Libyan law, to identify the rights of those arrested and the means of protecting them, and to assess the position of the Libyan legislator of all this. This study concluded with a number of results: The right of defense is an inherent right of the accused from the moment that he is charged with a crime. This right remains valid throughout the investigation and trial stage. However, we did not find explicit provisions in Libyan law the right of the accused to have access to a lawyer during his arrest or even during the investigative and forensic procedures carried out by the judicial ombudsman. The matter was left without an explicit statement confirming the right of the accused to seek legal assistance or to deny this right. There is no explicit provision in the Libyan law that the arrested defendant has the right to remain silent in the case of arrest, and there is no text in return that requires him to give his testimony before the investigative and investigative bodies. So, there is a difference about recognizing this right.

Working smarter, not harder: objective-dependent management of an invasive thistle, Carduus nutans

Many invasive species managers state that their objective is to “control” an invader. However, the appropriate choice of a management option requires a more explicit statement of management objectives, in terms of both the relevant time horizon and spatial scale. Using data from a 2-yr mowing experiment, we show that the most effective management strategy for controlling an invasive thistle depends fundamentally on the management goals. We integrate field data from a two-cohort experiment with modeling to assess 14 mowing treatments (differing in intensity, frequency, and timing, and thus also in their required logistical effort) based on their effectiveness in (1) reducing population density of the existing cohort, (2) decreasing projected long-term population growth, and (3) limiting projected population spread of an invasive thistle, musk thistle (Carduus nutans L.). The treatment with high intensity and a single late mow caused the largest reduction in plant survival (and density of existing adult plants); the treatment with high intensity and an early mow in addition to a late mow was most effective at reducing population growth rate and population spread. Against expectation and conventional wisdom, the most frequent mowing treatment did not provide the most effective management outcome for any stated objective. This study highlights the necessity of clearly defined management aims; the term “control” is too vague to be truly useful. The results also provide important insights for the management of this invasive species.

The Brahman as the Head of a Household

This chapter, complementing the previous one, examines the articulation of Brahman identity that understood the Brahman to be a non-celibate householder, namely, that found in the Dharma Sūtras. It shows that the Dharma Sūtras were not simply intra-Brahmanical texts, but rather polemical texts articulating a particular, non-celibate vision of Brahmanical identity. They did so first by using for the first time a fully explicit statement of the varṇa system to divorce brahmacarya (celibacy) from Brahmanhood and restrict it to their own group. Then, they used the āśrama system to taxonomize all forms of religious practice in their day, so as to reject all those that did not produce children.