TAXONOMIC COMPOSITION AND QUANTATIVE INDICATORS OF MACROZOOBENTHOS IN WATER BODIES OF WEST KAZAKHSTAN REGION

The article presents the results of the study of macrozoobenthos communities of six lakes in the West Kazakhstan region in the summer-autumn period: Shalkar, Balykty Sarkyl, Edilsor, Glubinnoye, Prorva and Sulukol. Lakes Prorva and Sulukol are located within the steppe, the lakes Shalkar, Balykty Sarkyl, Glubinnoye - in the semi-desert, Lake Edilsor - in the desert zone. In total, 197 samples of zoobenthos were taken according to generally accepted hydrobiological methods. There are analized the indices of the number and biomass of aquatic organisms in the studied reservoirs. According to the results of the studies carried out, the organisms of 66 taxa from the groups Oligochaeta, Hirudinea, Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Crustacea, and Insecta were found in benthic samples. Of thesethere were found oligochaetes - 2 species, leeches - 1 species, bivalves and gastropods - 3 species each, crustaceans - 4 species and insects - 53 taxa. Among insects, dip-terans (23 taxa, of which chironomids - 18), mayflies, caddis flies, dragonflies, bugs and beetles were distinguished by the greatest species diversity. It was noted that in the composition of benthic communities, diptera larvae dominated in abundance, the main contribution to the biomass was made by bivalve molluscs. Calculations of the Shannon – Weaver index demonstrate a low species diversity of communities for all water bodies. The highest indices of species diversity were noted in Lake Edilsor - 1.64 bit / specimen, the lowest - in lakes Sulukol and Shalkar - 0.6 bit / specimen. and 0.7 bit / copy. respectively. According to the calculations of the saprobity index, lakes Glubinnoye, Prorva and Balykty Sarkyl belong to the ß-mesosaprobic zone, Lake Edilsor (S = 2.72) to the ɑ-mesosaprobic zone, and the indicators of Lake Sulukol (S = 3.8) correspond to the polysaprobic zone. The values of the saprobity indices of the studied lakes lie within the beta-mesosaprobic – polysaprobic zones. By water quality the studied lakes are assessed as moderately polluted and polluted. According to the classification of S.P. Kitaev (2007) the investigated water bodies are assessed as water bodies of medium feeding. The conducted studies have significantly expanded the taxonomic lists of benthic organisms in this region

Zoobenthos of the Dniester river on the territory of the Republic of Moldova for the period 2018-2021

The data on the influence of dams on the structural and functional parameters of the macrobenthos of the Dniester River on the territory of the Republic of Moldova are presented. A decrease in the biodiversity and number of groups most sensitive to negative environmental changes (mayflies, stoneflies and caddis flies) was noted. The results described in this article, indicate that the total number of zoobenthos species and the number of most sensitive species to negative environmental changes can serve as suitable indicators of the impact of hydropower facilities on the Dniester River

First Findings of Sunbleak Leucaspius delineatus (Cyprinidae) in the Lake Baikal Basin

Since the early 1960s, the sunbleak Leucaspius delineatus (Heckel, 1843), along with carp acclimatized from European Russia, regularly entered the siberian carp ponds, first in the Ob’ basin, and then in the Yenisei and Angara basins. In the last decade, we have discovered the sunbleak in two water bodies of the Baikal basin: in May 2013 - in the water intake and discharge canals of the Gusinoozersk regional power plant situated on the large lake Gusinoe in the Selenga River basin (Republic of Buryatia), and in November 2016, the sunbleak was registered in the diet of pike inhabiting the reservoirs of the Talaya-Pokhabikha lake-bog complex in the immediate vicinity of the Baikal coastline at the southern end of the lake in Irkutsk Region. The age series in the samples of the sunbleak in the water intake canal of the power plant was represented by five age groups from 1+ (SL 34.2 mm and 0.59 g of weight) to 5+ (SL 73.9 mm and 6.73 g, respectively) with a predominance of individuals aged 1+ and 2+. In the discharge canal only group 1+ (SL 35.5 mm and 0.69 g) was noted. The sex ratio in catches at the age of 1+ was 1:1.2 with a predominance of males; by the age of 3+, the proportion of males increased significantly (1:8.6). Sexual maturity of the sunbleak from Lake Gusinoe occurs at the age of 3+. Spawning is portioned, the first portion is layed down not earlier than the second half of July. The total fecundity of the seven studied females at the age of 3–5 + varies from 632 to 1539 eggs, averaging 1312 eggs. The sunbleaks from Lake Gusinoe are predominantly benthophagous. In the first half of May 2013, near the water intake canal, the main food components were the nymphs of the Corixidae water bugs and larvae of Phryganea caddis flies, planktonic crustaceans and imago of aerial insects were also consumed. In July 2014, in the discharge channel, the main food item was the chironomid larvae. In the lake Sludyanskoye, three specimens were identified from the stomachs of the pike living there. All fish were partially digested, and therefore it was not possible to analyse it.

Fine structure of the silk spinning system in the caddisworm, Hydatophylax nigrovittatus (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae)

Silk is produced by a variety of insects, but only silk made by terrestrial arthropods has been examined in detail. To fill the gap, this study was designed to understand the silk spinning system of aquatic insect. The larvae of caddis flies, Hydatophylax nigrovittatus produce silk through a pair of labial silk glands and use raw silk to protect themselves in the aquatic environment. The result of this study clearly shows that although silk fibers are made under aquatic conditions, the cellular silk production system is quite similar to that of terrestrial arthropods. Typically, silk production in caddisworm has been achieved by two independent processes in the silk glands. This includes the synthesis of silk fibroin in the posterior region, the production of adhesive glycoproteins in the anterior region, which are ultimately accumulated into functional silk dope and converted to a silk ribbon coated with gluey substances. At the cellular level, each substance of fibroin and glycoprotein is specifically synthesized at different locations, and then transported from the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus as transport vesicles, respectively. Thereafter, the secretory vesicles gradually increase in size by vesicular fusion, forming larger secretory granules containing specific proteins. It was found that these granules eventually migrate to the apical membrane and are exocytosed into the lumen by a mechanism of merocrine secretion.

PRODUCTIVITY OF SOME LAKES OF THE KOSH-AGACH DISTRICT OF THE REPUBLIC OF ALTAI

The Republic of Altai has a large length of watercourses and significant areas of lakes of fishery importance. The collection of materials was carried out in the field season of 2018 on the lakes: Uch-Kol (Three Lakes), Kamyshevoye and Lake without a name, located within the borders of Kosh-Agach district of the Altai Republic. Research has covered the entire water area. In the course of the research it was noted that Lake Uch-Kol consists of three successive basins with a total area of 7.9 hectares. The upper lake basin has an area of 5.5 hectares. The average lake basin has an area of 1.8 hectares. The lower lake basin has an area of 0.6 ha. Higher aquatic vegetation in the pond is missing. Lake zooplankton is represented by one species of Cladocera and two species of Copepoda. Lake Zoobenthos Uch-Kol is represented by a representative of the r. Gammarus. The area of Kamyshevoye Lake is 7.4 ha. The pond has a slightly elongated shape from west to east. In the zooplankton of the reservoir of mass development, branchy and rotifers reach. Chironomid larvae and caddisfruits dominate in the structure of zoobenthos. The area of the lake without a name is 29.4 hectares. The reservoir has a form elongated from the northeast to the southwest. In terms of numbers and biomass, Copepoda copepads are the dominant group in zooplankton. The dominant position in the zoobenthos composition is occupied by caddis flies and gammarids. All studied water bodies have low biological productivity. Phytoplankton is represented mainly by diatoms and green algae. The ichthyological fauna of Lake Uch-Kol and Lake Kamyshevoye is represented by an oligoid type of ichthyocenosis. The ichthyological fauna in the Lake without a name is missing.

Fine structure of the silk spinning system in the caddisworm, Hydatophylax nigrovittatus (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae)

Silk is produced by a variety of insects, but only silk made by terrestrial arthropods has been examined in detail. To fill the gap, this study was designed to understand the silk spinning system of aquatic insect. The larvae of caddis flies, Hydatophylax nigrovittatus produce silk through a pair of labial silk glands and use raw silk to protect themselves in the aquatic environment. The result of this study clearly shows that although silk fibers are made under aquatic conditions, the cellular silk production system is quite similar to that of terrestrial arthropods. Typically, silk production in caddisworm has been achieved by two independent processes in the silk glands. This includes the synthesis of silk fibroin in the posterior region, the production of adhesive glycoproteins in the anterior region, which are ultimately accumulated into functional silk dope and converted to a silk ribbon coated with gluey substances. At the cellular level, each substance of fibroin and glycoprotein is specifically synthesized at different locations, and then transported from the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus as transport vesicles, respectively. Thereafter, the secretory vesicles gradually increase in size by vesicular fusion, forming larger secretory granules containing specific proteins. It was found that these granules eventually migrate to the apical membrane and are exocytosed into the lumen by a mechanism of merocrine secretion.

Change in environmental water quality of Neman and Viliya rivers under the influence of city wastewater

The analysis of the biotic component in determining of the quality of surface water is becoming increasingly important. The aim of the work was to assess the ecological quality of the river ecosystems from the influence of wastewater discharges of the Grodno, Stolbtsy and Vileyka cities on the Neman and Viliya rivers based on the macrozoobenthos community.The rare and protected species of hydrobionts from number of European countries live in the studied rivers. Among them are mollusks, coleoptera, caddis flies, and crustaceans. The stoneflies – highest priority indicator group of hydrobionts is missing in the Neman river. Mayflies and caddis flies are also poorly represented (2nd and 3rd indicator groups). The all three main indicator groups of aquatic organisms are presented in the Viliya river. The biotic indices are determined and the class of water purity of the studied rivers was calculated. In accordance with the EU Water Framework Directive, the cleanliness class has good and high value. It is concluded that the negative impact of wastewater from the cities of Grodno, Stolbtsy and Vileyka is of very local importance and weakly affects the biota and ecological quality of the water of the Neman and Viliya rivers.

Representatives of caddis flies of Integripalpia suborder in the system of environmental monitoring of the South Ural rivers

In the following paper the author tries to find a possibility to use larvae of caddis flies of Integripalpia suborder to increase a significance of bioindicator researches during environmental monitoring of the South Ural rivers. Analysis of caddis flies types constancy was carried out in 17 state water posts on the rivers flowing across the territory of South Ural from 2005 to 2016. As chemical characteristics such indexes as content in river waters of compounds of manganese, nickel and iron, oil products, phenols, ammonium nitrogen, coppers, zinc, COD, BOD5, sulfates, chlorides, nitrite nitrogen were used. Specific combinatorial index of water impurity was used as a complex index. In total constancy evolution of 7 species of larvae of caddis flies of Integripalpia suborder was analyzed. Its the first time the author has made a list of constant, additive and casual types of Integripalpia on the studied territory. The author has revealed significant correlative dependences between constancy of larvae of species of caddis flies with a number of hydro chemical indexes. The author has made regression models used to forecast constancy of larvae of Integripalpia suborder types depending on concentration of the pollutant containing in river waters.