Application of Gamma Irradiation Technology in Preservation of Food: Prospects and Challenges

Since about over a quarter of the harvested food is lost due to different types of wastage and spoilage, preservation of food is no less important than production of food. Gamma irradiation technology is one of the most appropriate and prominent technologies that can be applied in preservation of food. Gamma area science, also restrict the spoilage and wastage of castrate various maintain security of benefits gamma irradiation high power of, effortlessly, less it is and economically absence awareness, education socialisation the utilisation of gamma irradiation, there are still several societies, which think that gamma irradiation technology is hazardous and its radiation damages the proteins and genes. In fact, preservation of food using nuclear irradiation has been tested, researched and inspected and presently marketable practice in different nations. Gamma irradiation technology is still required to be advanced and it is encouraged so that it can be applied extensively through the regulation that is decided by the administrations to enhance the information of peoples about the advantage of nuclear irradiation power. It is also be considered that irradiated food and foodstuffs and the research outputs of the technology must be socialised, advertised, and published in a variability of advertising mode both in public community and scientific society, so that irradiated food and foodstuffs can be documented and recognised by various communities.

Auto-Radiation Damages in Zircons of the Yastrubtsi Ore Occurrence of the Ukrainian Shield According to the Data of NMR and XRD

By the method of XRD and high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR), the features of the structure of partially metamict zircons from Yastrubtsi ore occurrence of the Ukrainian Shield were studied. Samples 1 and 2 (depths 627 and 1069 m) belong to middle metamict zircons, and sample 3 (depth 1302.5 m) — to weak metamict zircons. The purpose of this work was to elucidate the features of the structure of partially metamictic zircons from Yastrubtsi ore occurrence of the Ukrainian Shield and the features of their recrystallization. The XRD method showed the presence of diffuse diffraction bands, which indicates the presence of an amorphous phase. For sample 3, these bands are less pronounced. After heating at T = 1100°C, these bands significantly decrease. Based on the XRD data, the degree of crystallinity and unit cell parameters of the samples were calculated. To obtain information on the local structure of the samples, spectra were obtained for the initial and annealed samples. It was shown by MAS NMR that there are regions in the initial structure in which [SiO4] tetrahedra are interconnected. These regions are designated Qn (n is the number of bridging oxygen atoms per Si atom). It has been established that the silica phase is practically absent in the zircon samples. In such samples, mainly Q1-2 and Q3 polymerization of silicon atoms occurs (for sample 3, only Q1-2 polymerization is characteristic). The MAS NMR results are in good agreement with the XRD data.

Semiconductor Device Radiation Damage in TEM

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a widely used technique in semiconductor device failure analysis. A common challenge in TEM is electron radiation damage, which can generate an uncertainty for correct analysis. This paper reports a study of the electron beam-radiation damages in small technology nodes semiconductor devices relating to the FINFET sidewall and metal layer. The study is performed at three different high tensions at 200kV, 60kV, and 30kV to compare the electron beam-radiation damages. The paper demonstrates that using lower high tension is preferred for minimizing the electron beam-radiation damage in advanced semiconductor devices. However, it also shows that the lowest high tension might not always be suitable for certain semiconductor device regions.

Corrosion and Tribocorrosion Behaviors for TA3 in Ringer’s Solution after Implantation of Nb Ions

Ti alloys are prone to corrosion and wear due to the hostile environment in bodily fluids, but the Ti-45Nb alloy is considered to be a promising titanium alloy with excellent biocompatibility and resistance to physiological corrosion. In this study, Nb ions were implanted into a TA3 alloy and the effect on the biological corrosion as well as tribocorrosion behavior of TA3 in Ringer’s solution was systematically investigated. The surface microstructure and XRD results revealed that the implanted samples showed a smoother surface due to the sputtering and radiation damages, and the Nb ions mainly existed in the alloy as the solid solution element. The electrochemical polarization tests showed that the implantation of Nb ions can increase the corrosion potential of the samples, showing a better thermodynamic stability. The tribocorrosion tests showed that the implanted samples exhibited a better thermodynamic stability in a corrosive environment accompanied by wear behavior, and the worn surface showed fewer pitting pits, indicating a better corrosion resistance. However, the abrasive wear and oxidation wear degree of the sample increased because of partial softening of the surface and brittle passivation film.

Micro-Raman Spectroscopy of Zircon (ZrSiO4) Mineral at Annealing Conditions Usually Applied in Zircon Fission-Track Annealing Dataset

Raman analyzes were performed on zircon from a syenite located in the Poços de Caldas Complex, Brazil, with a fission-track (FT) zircon age of 81.4±6.8 Ma. Three isochronous heating (1, 10 and 100 hours) of zircon grains were subjected to temperatures between 300 and 750 °C. These temperature and times are usually applied to obtain zircon Fission-Track annealing dataset. For each time-temperature conditions, Raman spectra analyses were accomplished. The results show variations in the intensity and FWHM (full width at half maximum) in the main band (1007 cm-1– Si–O stretching mode), and a singular change in the peaks from 356 to 439 cm-1 (Si–O bending mode); and from 202 to 224 cm-1 (external modes). These changes were interpreted as spectral polarization-dependence related to common crystallinity increases due to the annealing radiation damages and that the thermal treatments do not interfere on the stability of zircon lattice.