Study of Tourists Movement Pattern in Coastal Area and Small Islands, Makassar City

Makassar City is one of the coastal cities in Indonesia which has various tourist attractions. This tourist attraction is one of the interesting things considered by the people of Indonesia and even the world to visit Makassar City. This study aims to identify patterns of tourist movement in several coastal tourism areas and small islands in Makassar City. The method used in this research is qualitative method. Data obtained by searching secondary data, observation and distributing questionnaires online. Spatial analysis is done by interpreting the image map and digitizing it with ArcGIS, then analyzing the description. Through this research, it is known that there are three patterns of tourist movement, namely single point, base site and stop over. Based on these results, it is directed to develop a one day trip tourism concept.

Classification of So-Called Non-Covalent Interactions Based on VSEPR Model

The variety of interactions have been analyzed in numerous studies. They are often compared with the hydrogen bond that is crucial in numerous chemical and biological processes. One can mention such interactions as the halogen bond, pnicogen bond, and others that may be classified as σ-hole bonds. However, not only σ-holes may act as Lewis acid centers. Numerous species are characterized by the occurrence of π-holes, which also may play a role of the electron acceptor. The situation is complicated since numerous interactions, such as the pnicogen bond or the chalcogen bond, for example, may be classified as a σ-hole bond or π-hole bond; it ultimately depends on the configuration at the Lewis acid centre. The disadvantage of classifications of interactions is also connected with their names, derived from the names of groups such as halogen and tetrel bonds or from single elements such as hydrogen and carbon bonds. The chaos is aggravated by the properties of elements. For example, a hydrogen atom can act as the Lewis acid or as the Lewis base site if it is positively or negatively charged, respectively. Hence names of the corresponding interactions occur in literature, namely hydrogen bonds and hydride bonds. There are other numerous disadvantages connected with classifications and names of interactions; these are discussed in this study. Several studies show that the majority of interactions are ruled by the same mechanisms related to the electron charge shifts, and that the occurrence of numerous interactions leads to specific changes in geometries of interacting species. These changes follow the rules of the valence-shell electron-pair repulsion model (VSEPR). That is why the simple classification of interactions based on VSEPR is proposed here. This classification is still open since numerous processes and interactions not discussed in this study may be included within it.

Lipopolysaccharide Alters the m6A Epitranscriptomic Tagging of RNAs in Cardiac Tissue

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification plays important roles in the pathology of a variety of diseases. However, the roles of m6A modification in sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction are not well defined. Rats were divided into control and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis group. Global m6A levels of left ventricle tissue were measured by LC-MS/MS, and transcriptome-wide m6A modifications were profiled using epitranscriptomic microarrays (mRNAs and lncRNAs). Bioinformatics analysis was conducted to understand the functional implications of m6A modifications during sepsis. Methylated lncRNAs and mRNAs were measured by m6A single-base site qPCR. The global m6A levels in left ventricle tissue were significantly decreased in the LPS group. While 27 transcripts (23 mRNAs and four lncRNAs) were hypermethylated, 46 transcripts (39 mRNAs and 7 lncRNAs) were hypomethylated in the LPS group. The mRNA expression of writers and readers was significantly decreased in the LPS group. The m6A modification of Clec1b, Stk38l and Tnfrsf26 was associated with platelet activation and apoptotic pathways. Moreover, the decrease in m6A modification of lncRNA XR_346,771 may be related to cation import in cardiac tissue. Our data provide novel information regarding changes to m6A modifications in cardiac tissue during sepsis, and m6A modifications might be promising therapeutic targets.

ANALISIS POLA PERJALANAN DAN AKTIVITAS WISATAWAN INDONESIA MILENIAL KE SINGAPURA

Millennial recently became a trend in tourism. Millennials were born in 1980 to 2004, they grew up as digital natives, and have a consumptive nature where they do not hesitate to spend a certain amount of money to please themselves such as traveling, both at home and abroad. One of the countries that is a favorite destination for millennial Indonesian tourists when traveling abroad is Singapore. In addition to its close location, Singapore also has modern urban tourism attractions and technologies that match the millennial character. These facts became the background of this research; characteristics, travel patterns, and activities of millennial Indonesian tourists while traveling in Singapore. This research uses descriptive qualitative data analysis. The sample was determined purposively, totaling 105 millennial tourists from Indonesia who had traveled to Singapore. The data collection technique was done by using an online questionnaire. The results showed that the characteristics of millennial Indonesian tourists in Singapore were female, aged 21 to 25 years, unmarried, had a Bachelor's degree and were a private employee. Most tourists are first time traveling to Singapore, stay in Singapore 3 to 7 days, come and travel with family, arranging their own trips, using the internet as a source of information and mostly using MRT (Mass Rapid Transit) as a mode of transportation while traveling in Singapore. There are two millennial Indonesian tourists’ travel patterns while traveling in Singapore, which are chaining loop pattern, and base site pattern. The most common millennial Indonesian tourists’ activities in Singapore is doing culinary tourism (75%), the second is shopping (66%), and the third is enjoying local cultures (51%).

Selection of Sites for Field Trials of Genetically Engineered Mosquitoes with Gene Drive

Novel malaria control strategies using genetically engineered mosquitoes (GEMs) are on the horizon. Population modification is one approach wherein mosquitoes are engineered with genes rendering them refractory to the malaria parasite coupled with a low-threshold, Cas9-based gene drive. When released into a wild vector population, GEMs preferentially transmit these beneficial genes to their offspring, ultimately modifying a vector population into a non-vector one. Deploying this technology awaits evaluation including ecologically contained field trials. Here, we consider a process for site selection, the first critical step in designing a trial. Our goal is to identify a site that maximizes prospects for success, minimizes risk, and serves as a fair, valid, and convincing test of efficacy and impacts of a GEM product intended for large-scale deployment in Africa. We base site selection on geographical, geological, and biological, rather than social or legal, criteria. We recognize the latter as critically important but not preeminent. We propose physical islands as being the best candidates for a GEM field trial and present an evaluation of 22 African islands. We consider geographic and genetic isolation, biological complexity, island size, topography, and identify two island groups that satisfy key criteria for ideal GEM field trial sites.

Biogeography of ITS Variation in the Helenium autumnale (Asteraceae) Species Complex

Abstract—We used ITS sequences as species barcodes to evaluate 127 samples of 12 Helenium species from the eastern and central USA, focusing on a species complex of H. autumnale (76 sequences from 11 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces), the federally “threatened” H. virginicum, now recommended for delisting (30 sequences from three U.S. states), and H. flexuosum (11 sequences from four U.S. states). ITS sequences confirmed most species identifications and supported the presence of the first population of the “threatened” endemic Missouri-Virginia disjunct, Helenium virginicum, in Indiana. Because the Indiana plants grow in a restored wetland, have a cpDNA haplotype previously known only from Missouri, with a morphology similar to Missouri variants, and an herbarium search for additional populations in Indiana found none, it is unclear whether the Indiana population is natural or planted. The presence of a putative sister lineage to H. virginicum thought to exist on the Bruce Peninsula, Ontario, Canada, was not supported after sequencing 36 plants with the sister morphology that grew there along 18 km of beach fens and finding they had H. autumnale sequences. Fine-scale biogeographic patterns of intraspecific sequence variation were found mostly in H. autumnale, with centers of different base site polymorphisms found in northern North America and the Missouri Ozarks. As in a previous study, we found DNA evidence of hybridization between Helenium species in Missouri. We offer hypotheses to explain the biogeography of North American Helenium, focusing on the three species that compose the H. autumnale species complex and suggesting that H. autumnale may be a compilospecies showing incomplete lineage sorting. We encourage exploration of more Helenium species and their conspecific populations in search of fine-scale ITS base site polymorphisms to reveal emerging lineages and resolve the origins and evolutionary implications of these biogeographic patterns.

The Movement Pattern of the Tourist Destinations Farm House Susu Lembang and Floating Market, West Bandung Regency, West Java

This research aims to understand the movement patterns of the tourist destinations: Farm House Susu Lembang; and Floating Markets, West Bandung Regency, West Java. The method used in this research is descriptive method with a survey approach. This research took place from June-July 2019. Indicators assessed are (1) the number of tourist visits to each tourist destination, (2) tourist motivation, (3) visiting time, (4) modes of transportation, (5) accessibility to tourist destinations, (6) traveling experience, (7) traveling companion, (8) tourist attractions. The results showed tourists from the area of West Java made a move with the type of Base Site, Chaining Loop, Stopover and Single Point. The majority of tourists are aged between 17 years and 30 years (76%), and most traveling accompanied by a friend (71%). Tourists spend about 5 hours visiting each tourist destination and the number of tourist destinations visited is small. Keywords: movement pattern, tourist, tourist destinations