A Proteomic Analysis of Fibre Degradation and Assimilation by Butyrivibrio Proteoclasticus

<p>Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus B316T is a Gram-positive, lignocellulose degrading bacterium that is prevalent in the rumen of animals grazing pasture, and is one of only a few rumen microbes known to degrade and utilise xylan in vitro. Xylan is a hemicellulose that comprises up to 45% of the polysaccharide component of ruminant forages. Often as little as 30% of the total energy content of forages is utilised by the ruminant due to poor hemicellulose degradation by the fibrolytic rumen microbes. An opportunity exists to improve forage degradation in the rumen, which is predicted to improve the productivity of forage fed ruminants. A clearer understanding of the strategies employed by fibrolytic rumen microbes to degrade and utilise lignocellulose is important in realising this goal. Almost 10% of the B. proteoclasticus genome encodes proteins involved in polysaccharide metabolism and transport, which includes 134 fibrolytic enzymes that are active upon plant fibre. Many of these are clustered into one of 36 polysaccharide utilisation loci that also contain transmembrane transporters, transcriptional regulators, environmental sensors and genes involved in further polysaccharide metabolism. Gel-based and gel-free proteomic analyses of the cytosolic, cell-associated, and secreted fractions of cells grown on xylan were used to identify proteins involved in the degradation, assimilation, and metabolism of hemicellulose. A set of 416 non-redundant proteins were identified, which included 12 extracellular and 24 cytosolic polysaccharidases, and 59 proteins involved in the uptake and further metabolism of polysaccharide degradation products, many of which were substrate-binding protein components of ATP-driven transporter systems. In cells grown on xylan, several of these proteins displayed significant protein abundance changes relative to cells grown on the monomeric sugar xylose, in a pattern that reflected the growth substrates used. A model of xylan degradation by B. proteoclasticus based on these results hypothesises that B. proteoclasticus attacks the xylan backbone and main substituent groups of hemicellulose in the extracellular space, assimilates the xylooligosaccharides and performs the final stages of degradation within the cell. These results provide insight into a xylan degrading enzyme system that has evolved to efficiently degrade and utilise hemicellulose, extend our understanding of the enzymes that are likely to play important roles in hemicellulose degradation, and support the notion that Butyrivibrio species are important contributors to rumen fibre degradation.</p>

A Proteomic Analysis of Fibre Degradation and Assimilation by Butyrivibrio Proteoclasticus

<p>Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus B316T is a Gram-positive, lignocellulose degrading bacterium that is prevalent in the rumen of animals grazing pasture, and is one of only a few rumen microbes known to degrade and utilise xylan in vitro. Xylan is a hemicellulose that comprises up to 45% of the polysaccharide component of ruminant forages. Often as little as 30% of the total energy content of forages is utilised by the ruminant due to poor hemicellulose degradation by the fibrolytic rumen microbes. An opportunity exists to improve forage degradation in the rumen, which is predicted to improve the productivity of forage fed ruminants. A clearer understanding of the strategies employed by fibrolytic rumen microbes to degrade and utilise lignocellulose is important in realising this goal. Almost 10% of the B. proteoclasticus genome encodes proteins involved in polysaccharide metabolism and transport, which includes 134 fibrolytic enzymes that are active upon plant fibre. Many of these are clustered into one of 36 polysaccharide utilisation loci that also contain transmembrane transporters, transcriptional regulators, environmental sensors and genes involved in further polysaccharide metabolism. Gel-based and gel-free proteomic analyses of the cytosolic, cell-associated, and secreted fractions of cells grown on xylan were used to identify proteins involved in the degradation, assimilation, and metabolism of hemicellulose. A set of 416 non-redundant proteins were identified, which included 12 extracellular and 24 cytosolic polysaccharidases, and 59 proteins involved in the uptake and further metabolism of polysaccharide degradation products, many of which were substrate-binding protein components of ATP-driven transporter systems. In cells grown on xylan, several of these proteins displayed significant protein abundance changes relative to cells grown on the monomeric sugar xylose, in a pattern that reflected the growth substrates used. A model of xylan degradation by B. proteoclasticus based on these results hypothesises that B. proteoclasticus attacks the xylan backbone and main substituent groups of hemicellulose in the extracellular space, assimilates the xylooligosaccharides and performs the final stages of degradation within the cell. These results provide insight into a xylan degrading enzyme system that has evolved to efficiently degrade and utilise hemicellulose, extend our understanding of the enzymes that are likely to play important roles in hemicellulose degradation, and support the notion that Butyrivibrio species are important contributors to rumen fibre degradation.</p>

Gluten-free products from chickpea flour

The paper discusses the possibility of the expansion of the range of flour culinary products for a gluten-free diet using chickpea flour. The analysis of the chemical composition of wheat and chickpea flour, as well as the glycemic index of all components of the recipe of the developed flour culinary product is presented. The possibility of partial and complete replacement of wheat flour with chickpea flour with the addition of caraway, lemon peel and potato starch is studied. It is found that the inclusion of lemon peel in the composition of chickpea flour pancakes improves not only the organoleptic characteristics of products, but also reduces its total energy content, while expanding the range of products included in a gluten-free diet.

Absolute mass of photons based upon the Hamiltonian of energy content

In this article, the mass-energy equivalence is analyzed based on the total energy content & inertia of a body. The analysis included quantum energy formalization with relativity. The finding suggests that photons have absolute mass to justify their momentum.

Absolute mass of photons based upon the Hamiltonian of energy content

In this article, the mass-energy equivalence is analyzed based on the total energy content & inertia of a body. The analysis included quantum energy formalization with relativity. The finding suggests that photons have absolute mass to justify their momentum.

Multi-Stranded Coronal Loops: Quantifying Strand Number and Heating Frequency from Simulated Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) Observations

Coronal loops form the basic building blocks of the magnetically closed solar corona yet much is still to be determined concerning their possible fine-scale structuring and the rate of heat deposition within them. Using an improved multi-stranded loop model to better approximate the numerically challenging transition region, this article examines synthetic NASA Solar Dynamics Observatory’s (SDO) Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) emission simulated in response to a series of prescribed spatially and temporally random, impulsive and localised heating events across numerous sub-loop elements with a strong weighting towards the base of the structure: the nanoflare heating scenario. The total number of strands and nanoflare repetition times is varied systematically in such a way that the total energy content remains approximately constant across all the cases analysed. Repeated time-lag detection during an emission time series provides a good approximation for the nanoflare repetition time for low-frequency heating. Furthermore, using a combination of AIA 171/193 and 193/211 channel ratios in combination with spectroscopic determination of the standard deviation of the loop-apex temperature over several hours alongside simulations from the outlined multi-stranded loop model, it is demonstrated that both the imposed heating rate and number of strands can be realised.

Does the energy content of a body depend upon its inertia?

In this article, the mass-energy equivalence is analyzed based on the total energy content & inertia of a body. The analysis included quantum energy formalization with relativity. The finding suggested that photons have absolute mass to justify their momentum.

Energy content in woody biomass of Zhytomyr Polissia’s forests

Development of renewable energy production is one of the main directions of decarbonizing the Ukraine’s energy sector as well as the forestry sector. Increase in woody biomass utilization efficiency at producing energy, alongside with securing the proper level of technological processes and technical equipment, also requires a reliable information support toolbox that would facilitate managerial decisions. An important constituent of this toolbox is represented by the regional assessments of energy function of forest plant communities. The information basis of the research is formed by the information from the industrial database of IA “Ukrderzhlisproekt”, which contains the detailed biometric characteristics of the stands in the studied region, as well as by a system of mathematical models for quantitative assessment of foersts’ live biomass and dead organic matter. As a result, the quantitative values of the total energy content in live biomass and daed organic matter of Zhytomyr Polissia’s forests were determined. The total amount of energy accumulated in vegetal biomass of the region's forests is 3035.7 PJ, which corresponds to 100.2 million tons of conventional fuel. At the same time, the share of the total energy content in dead organic matter is 11.1 %. The structure of energy content in vegetal biomass in the region is dominated by pine stands, which accumulate more than 60 % of the energy of forests of Zhytomyr region, including 70.8 % - in live biomass of tree trunks. More than 40 % of energy is accumulated in vegetal biomass of stands of I site index class, which mainly grow in fairly infertile forest growth conditions. In the general structure of energy content in dead organic matter (336.2 PJ) more than 60 % belongs to forest litter (212.8 PJ which is not considered a source of renewable energy), standing dead trees 12.3 % (41.3 PJ), dry branches – 17.8 % (close to 60 PJ). The results obtained in the course of the research will serve as an information background for the formation of a strategy for development of forest bioenergy in Zhytomyr region.

OPTIMALISASI PENYUSUNAN MENU DIET PENDERITA STROKE DENGAN METODE GOAL PROGRAMMING

Stroke is a disorder of brain nerve function caused by blockage of blood circulation to the brain. In preparing the diet for stroke, it is possible to deviate from the recommended nutritional value and total energy. This problem could be overcome by compiling a stroke diet menu using the Goal programming method. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the results of the portion of food obtained using the Goal programming method can meet the recommended energy and nutritional content targets, as well as knowing the percentage of total energy content produced per day from the preparation of the diet menu to the recommended total energy content. The calculations in this study using the help of LINGO software with the results that the diet menu by Goal programming method has met the recommended nutrients and energy from the standard stroke diet at Klungkung Hospital, and the percentage of energy fulfilled from the stroke IIB diet for three days shows a 100% result.

Energy Potential of Solid Waste Generated in Landmark University, Omu- Aran, Kwara State Nigeria

This study aims at determining the energy content from campus wastes and estimation of electricity generation. Samples of solid wastes generated within Landmark University were collected, separated, classified, dried in the oven at 105°C till constant weight was attained, pulverized and sieved using a sieve size of 500 μm. The moisture contents of the waste samples were determined, in triplicates. The digital bomb calorimeter (C-200 Bomb Calorimeter) was used to determine the calorific value of the prepared waste samples. Correlation analysis was carried out to determine coefficients and significant levels; while regression equations were generated, using ANOVA to relate the dependent variable - Potential Electricity Generated (PEG) with independent variables- Total Energy Content (TEC) and Specific Energy Content (SEC). The moisture contents are plastic bottles (0.78%), water sachet (0.82%), and food packs (5.37%), wood wastes and ash (5.35%), food wastes (5.95%), and paper wastes (5.56%). Calorific values of plastic bottles, polythene products, Wood wastes and ash, food wastes, paper wastes and polystyrene (food pack) are 31,246.63, 29,084.24, 17,243.56, 14,360.49, 12,975.42 and 4575.10 kJ/kg, respectively. The total energy content from the campus wastes was estimated at 32,999.30 MJ/day. This implies a possibility of about 0.38MW of electricity generation from daily steam production. There was high level of correlation between the energy value parameters (R > 0.99) and significant at < 0.01. The energy content is expected to grow with the expansion of the campus.