Choosing the best embryogenesis medium in carrot by data mining technology

Plant cell, tissue and organ culture (PCTOC) is extensively used to propagate faster and more plants, to produce virus-free plants, and secondary metabolites production as well. This requires the optimization of PCTOC conditions for each plant and final aim. Optimizing the micropropagation is time-consuming and costly, because it is different from the plant and even for each variety. In addition requires the optimization of the concentration and type of hormone and the type of explants for each variety in the stages of callogenesis, embryogenesis, shooting and rooting. Hence, today researchers have used Data Mining with using an artificial neural network (ANN) to predict the best conditions for tissue culture and saved time and money considerably. In this research, radial basis function (RBF) model was used to predict the best conditions for carrot tissue culture and the results showed that the highest and the least sensitivity were related to variety and percentage of Agar in liter, respectively. The results prediction of the RBF model showed that the percentage of embryogenesis was 62.5%, but the percentage of embryogenesis in laboratory obtain 75%. The results showed that the RBF model is a good model to predict the results.

SOME TECHNIQUES IN MICROPROPAGATION AND BREEDING OF Paphiopedilum spp.

Paphiopedilum orchids are one of the most popular and rare orchid genera sold and exhibited as pot plants and cut flowers. Their wild populations are under the threat of extinction as a result of over-collection and loss of suitable habitats. Reduction in their commercial value through large-scale propagation in vitro is a preferable option to reduce pressure from illegal collection, to attempt at meeting commercial needs and to re-establish these threatened orchid species back into the wild. Although they are commercially propagated via seed germination in vitro, Paphiopedilum are considered to be difficult to propagate in vitro, especially by plant regeneration from tissue culture. This paper aims to provide the most important techniques on Paphiopedilum propagation mainly including plant, cell, tissue and organ culture techniques applied to in vitro propagation of Paphiopedilum and to emphasize the importance of further improving tissue culture protocols from ex vitro-derived explants of mature plants.

Abnormal symptoms in micropropagation and strategies to overcome

Nowaday, plant cell, tissue and organ culture has become a standard and popular propagation method for many crops including ornamental plants, medicinal plants, fruit trees and green vegetables. The advantage of this method is that it can generate a huge number of genetically identical seedlings, effectively control the pathogenicity in order to produce disease-free plants, become a tool for conservation and development of genetic sources and support study of physiological characteristics of plants. However, this method still has some limitations such as abnormal physiological morphology and anatomical structure; necrosis and deformities plants; stomata loss of function, etc. These abnormalities have great impacts on shoot multiplication as well as the growth and development of the plants after transplanted from the culture vessels to the nursery stage. The components of in vitro culture conditions such as culture system, composition and content of nutrients, plant growth regulators used in the culture medium, light, temperature and humidity, age and origin of explants, etc., are the main causes of the abnormalities. Therefore, optimization of culture system to improve the quality of seedlings has always been one of the main targets of commercial micropropagation. In this review, we focused on some frequently abnormal symptoms in micro - propagation such as vitrification, yellowing and abscission of leaves; microbial contamination; necrosis of shoot-tip, roots and tissues culture; browning of explants and medium culture and other restrictions. More over, this report showed some the effective solutions to overcome these abnormal phenomena.

Innovative Approaches for Recovery of Phytoconstituents from Medicinal/Aromatic Plants and Biotechnological Production

Continuously growing demand for plant derived therapeutic molecules obtained in a sustainable and eco-friendly manner favors biotechnological production and development of innovative extraction techniques to obtain phytoconstituents. What is more, improving and optimization of alternative techniques for the isolation of high value natural compounds are issues having both social and economic importance. In this critical review, the aspects regarding plant biotechnology and green downstream processing, leading to the production and extraction of increased levels of fine chemicals from both plant cell, tissue, and organ culture or fresh plant materials and the remaining by-products, are discussed.

Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture: The Most Flexible Foundations for Plant Metabolic Engineering Applications

Significant advances in plant cell, tissue and organ culture (PCTOC) have been made in the last five decades. PCTOC is now thought to be the underlying technique for understanding general or specific biological functions of the plant kingdom, and it is one of the most flexible foundations for morphological, physiological and molecular biological applications of plants. Furthermore, the recent advances in the field of information technology (IT) have enabled access to a large amount of information regarding all aspects of plant biology. For example, sequencing information is stored in mega repositories such as the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), which can be easily accessed by researchers worldwide. To date, the PCTOC and IT combination strategy for regulation of target plant metabolism and the utilization of bioactive plant metabolites for commercial purposes is essential. In this review, the advantages and the limitations of these methodologies, especially regarding the production of bioactive plant secondary metabolites and metabolic engineering in target plants are discussed mainly from the phenotypic view point.