Three Distomolar in Single Patient: A Unique Case Report

Supernumerary teeth are defined as those in addition to the normal series of deciduous or permanent dentition. Supernumerary teeth are more prevalent among males and in the permanent dentition. The exact etiology of supernumerary teeth is unknown, they may occur anywhere in the oral cavity. They may appear as a single tooth or multiple teeth, unilaterally or bilaterally, erupted or impacted in maxilla or both jaws. Fourth molars, also called distomolars, are a variant in shape and number appearing as alterations during odontogenesis. They can be eumorphic or dismorphic, single or multiple, erupted or impacted, unilateral or bilateral, and can appear in both jaws. They are of unknown etiology, but there are several theories to justify these tooth alterations such as dental lamina duplication, its horizontal proliferation or its hyperactivity. Hereby, we are presenting a unique case report of presence of three distomolars in a single patient at maxillary left side and mandibular right and left side.

From the Golden Ratio to the Golden Series and Their Social Application

This paper is about the logic of golden ratio. It is about the calculation of its value and the inverse value, examination of its uniqueness, the relation with Fibonacci sequence and its spiral and the logic of development of an organism. We expand the logic of golden ratio up until the sequence of Zeno from Elea that tends to infinity. We find the differentiate logic of golden ratio coming from ancient years and its unknown relation to the golden ratio. Also, we calculate the values φ of series that follows the logic of golden ratio, reaching the golden (normal) series, as a result of its logic, with its modern applications. Finally, it is criticized the fact that we do not include golden ratio in our education and the consequences that this has, by compare it with the achievements of its era. The application of golden ratio’s logic in social sciences results in possible examples of its use and their advantages.

The continued development of multiple supernumerary teeth: do they influence orthodontic treatment?

Supernumerary teeth occur in approximately 1–2% of the population. Multiple supernumerary teeth are less common and usually associated with certain medical conditions. Most supernumeraries develop at a similar time to the normal series; however, this article describes the presentation and management of three patients who developed multiple supernumerary teeth during active orthodontic treatment in the permanent dentition. CPD/Clinical Relevance: These cases show development of multiple supernumerary teeth in the both the maxilla and mandible demonstrating a variation of types and effects on the dentition. In particular, multiple supernumeraries in the anterior maxilla and supplementals in the mandibular premolar regions highlight that supernumerary teeth may develop a considerable time after the development of the permanent dentition. These can develop during orthodontic treatment. Consideration, therefore, may be given to closer and longer monitoring of dental development in patients with multiple supernumerary teeth.

Ellis-Van Creveld Syndrome, neonatal teeth and breastfeeding impairment: a case report

ABSTRACT Because of multisystemic impairment in patients with Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, multidisciplinary care may be demanded since birth to assure breastfeeding. This report presents a case of an Ellis-van Creveld infant that was facing breastfeeding difficulties because of maxillary neonatal teeth. A 3 months old male infant with Ellis-van Creveld syndrome was referred to Pediatric Dentistry Department because of two upper neonatal teeth causing breastfeeding difficulties. Clinical examination revealed that teeth position was compatible to 51 and 61, and both presented uncommon ectopic soft tissue placement, conical crown and hypoplastic enamel covered by a large amount of dental biofilm. Radiography indicated they were of normal series and had 2/3 of crown completion. Due to teeth mobility that impaired breastfeeding, treatment option was exodontia. Early tooth eruption, such as in natal and neonatal teeth, by itself can’t be considered a reason for exodontia. But exodontia must be considered when an early erupted tooth(s) impairs breastfeeding, especially in systemically compromised infants. In this present case report, after teeth extraction, the infant was able to breastfeed and gain weight properly.

Age and Geochemistry of Basite-Ultrabasite Intrusions of Saltych Anticlinorium (West Azov)

In the Saltych anticlinorium of the West Azov, small intrusions of rocks of basic and ultrabasic composition are known in the middle reaches of the Obitochna, Kiltychiya and Burtychiya rivers and in the upper reaches of the Obitochna river. They are composed from amphibolized peridotites, pyroxenites, actinolithites, tremolithites, hornblendites, amphibole and other shales. These intrusions are considered "fractured intrusions", which are rooted in the already deployed rocks of the Archean age. In the stratigraphic scheme they are referred to the Novoselytske association. Intrusions break through the veins of syenites, pegmatites and aplite-like granites. Metaultrabasites, according to I.S. Usenko and G.L. Kravchenko, these are ultrabasic rocks of the normal series, which were formed, probably, because of differentiation of basaltic magma. The main and ultrabasic rocks of these intrusions have not been studied enough yet — their age, geodynamic conditions of formation have not been determined, the potential for minerals has not been fully revealed. For this purpose, we determined the microelement composition of meta-ultrabasites, metabasites and acid rocks by the ICP MS method and determined the age of monazite from veins of aplite-like granites that break through the metapyroxenites of the Kamyshuvatka intrusion. According to the obtained geochemical and mineralogical data, the vein rocks of medium and acid composition, which break through the intrusions of the ultrabasite-basite composition at the Saltych anticlinorium, have a core genesis. Zircon in them is relict, and syngenetic monazite was found only in the veins of aplite-like granites that break through the metapyroxenites of the Kamyshuvatka intrusion. According to the dating of this monazite, it has been determined that the upper age limit for the formation of intrusions of the ultrabasite-basite composition of the Novoselytske association is 2051.8±3.8 Ma. Peridotites and pyroxenites of these intrusions could be formed from melts of the depleted upper mantle, which were fractionated in intermediate magmatic chambers. In peridotites (#mg = 0.74-0.86) of the Kamyshuvatka intrusion and intrusion near the Reva farm, the Ni content (510-826 ppm) is lower than that of Clark for ultrabasic rocks, and the chromium content at the level of Clark and below it is Cr — 1250-2260 ppm. Positive anomalies of Ti and Eu indicate the processes of fractionation of the original magma of pyroxenites. The formation of intrusions of the ultrabasite-basite composition of the Saltych anticlinorium of the Azov megablock is probably connected with the activation of the Earth’s mantle about 2050 million years ago.

Unique product groups and congruence subgroups

We prove that a uniform pro-[Formula: see text] group with no non-abelian free subgroups has a normal series with torsion-free abelian factors. We discuss this in relation to unique product groups. We also consider generalizations of Hantzsche–Wendt groups.

Gradewise Properties of Subgroups and Their Applications

For each finite group E, let Θ(E) be a binary relation on the set of all subgroups of E. If A and B are subgroups of a finite group G, then we say that the pair (A, B) enjoys the gradewise property (resp., generalized gradewise property) Θ in G if G has a normal series Γ : 1 = G0 [Formula: see text] such that for each [Formula: see text], we have [Formula: see text] (resp., we have [Formula: see text]. Using these concepts, we obtain some new characterizations for solubility and supersolubility of finite groups and generalize some known results.

Automorphism groups of modular graded Lie superalgebras of Cartan-type

Suppose the underlying field is of characteristic [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we prove that the automorphisms of the finite-dimensional graded (non-restircited) Lie superalgebras of Cartan-type [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] can uniquely extend to the ones of the infinite-dimensional Lie superalgebra of Cartan-type [Formula: see text]. Then a concrete group embedding from [Formula: see text] into [Formula: see text] is established, where [Formula: see text] is any finite-dimensional Lie superalgebra of Cartan-type [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] is the underlying (associative) superalgebra of [Formula: see text]. The normal series of the automorphism groups of [Formula: see text] are also considered.