Matrix elements of the proton–neutron symplectic model

The tensor properties of the [Formula: see text] algebra generators are determined in respect to the reduction chain [Formula: see text], which defines a shell-model coupling scheme of the proton–neutron symplectic model (PNSM). They are further used to calculate the matrix elements of the basic [Formula: see text] operators of the PNSM in the space of fully symmetric representations in the [Formula: see text]-coupled basis using a generalized Wigner–Eckart theorem. The obtained results allow further the matrix elements of any physical operator of interest, such as the relevant transition operators or the collective potential, to be calculated. As an illustration, the matrix elements of the basic irreducible tensor terms which appear in the [Formula: see text] decomposition of the long-range full major-shell mixing proton–neutron quadrupole–quadrupole interaction are presented.

New QoS-based Decision Making Approach for Heterogeneous Networks

Next generation wireless networks will provide seamless high bandwidth connectivity with high quality of service (QoS) support to mobile users, where a mobile will be able to connect to several wireless access networks simultaneously. In this environment, heterogeneity of networks and heterogeneity of applications are presented as challenging problems, where an efficient architecture is needed to integrate different technologies. In addition, deciding the serving network is essential to avoid resource wastage and provide QoS for users. In this paper, we propose new integration architecture based on a virtual operator that rents or invests resources from a physical operator, and sells services to customers. The virtual operator will monitor the network’s conditions and QoS parameters, and then provide the user requesting access with useful information to decide the serving network. In this context, we modify four well-known decision mechanisms (load balance, minimum distance, minimum price and minimum delay) by adding the QoS as a hard constraint. We also propose a new decision mechanism, where we consider new decision criteria that improves the overall system performance. Simulation results show that the new proposed mechanism outperforms the modified mechanisms, where the blocking probability is clearly reduced and a good level of QoS is provided to real-time applications or high-priority users.

Unification Yang–Mills Groups and Representations with CP as a Gauge Symmetry

We investigate more generally the possible unification Yang–Mills groups G YM and representations with CP as a gauge symmetry. Besides the possible Yang–Mills groups E8, E7, SO (2n + 1), SO (4n), SP (2n), G2 or F4 (or a product of them) which only allow self-contragredient representations, we present other unification groups G YM and representations which may allow CP as a gauge symmetry. These include especially SU (N) containing Weyl fermions and their CP conjugates from low energy spectra in a basic irreducible representation (IR). Such an example is the 496-dimensional basic IR (on antisymmetric tensors of rank two) of SU (32) containing SO (32) as a subgroup in the adjoint IR, or SU (248) in a fundamental IR containing E8 as a subgroup in the adjoint IR. Our consideration also leads to the construction of a physical operator (CP) intrinsically as an inner automorphism of order higher than two for the unification group. We have also generalized the possible groups as unification G YM to include nonsemisimple Lie groups with CP arising as a gauge symmetry. In this case with U(1) ideals in the G YM , we found that the U Y(1) for weak hypercharge in the standard model or a U (1) gauge symmetry at low energies in general is traceless. Possible relevance to superstring theory is also briefly discussed. We expect that our results may open new alternatives for unified model building, especially with deeper or more generalized understanding of anomaly-free theories.

PHYSICAL STATES OF THE TOPOLOGICAL SCHWINGER MODEL

The Schwinger model with the strong coupling limit is studied as a topological field theory both in the path-integral and in the Hamiltonian formalism. The correlation functions between arbitrary numbers of physical operators are obtained. All the physical states in this model are completely determined in the Hamiltonian formalism. The relationship between a physical operator and the generator of a large gauge transformation is clarified. The chiral condensation is also calculated.