The New Value of the Structural Attribute Section in the SYN v8 Corpus and its Possible Application in Linguistic Research

The paper introduces a new section separated from journalistic texts in Czech corpora, namely interviews. This genre is highly specific; from among the texts that can be found in newspapers and magazines, it is probably the closest to spoken language. In two case studies, we present the possible application of the interviews subcorpus in linguistic research. The first one deals with the role of paralinguistic behaviour, especially laughter in written interviews vs. spoken dialogues. The second one investigates the specifics of the demonstrative ten in the function of a nominal attribute, again in both written and spoken data.

Structural manipulations of a shelter resource reveal underlying preference functions in a shell-dwelling cichlid fish

Many animals can modify the environments in which they live, thereby changing the selection pressures they experience. A common example of such niche construction is the use, creation or modification of environmental resources for use as nests or shelters. Because these resources often have correlated structural elements, it can be difficult to disentangle the relative contribution of these elements to resource choice, and the preference functions underlying niche-construction behaviour remain hidden. Here, we present an experimental paradigm that uses 3D scanning, modelling and printing to create replicas of structures that differ with respect to key structural attributes. We show that a niche-constructing, shell-dwelling cichlid fish, Neolamprologus multifasciatus , has strong open-ended preference functions for exaggerated shell replicas. Fish preferred shells that were fully intact and either enlarged, lengthened or had widened apertures. Shell intactness was the most important structural attribute, followed by shell length, then aperture width. We disentangle the relative roles of different shell attributes, which are tightly correlated in the wild, but nevertheless differentially influence shelter choice and therefore niche construction in this species. We highlight the broad utility of our approach when compared with more traditional methods (e.g. two-choice tasks) for studying animal decision-making in a range of contexts.

Structural manipulations of a shelter resource reveal underlying preference functions in a shell-dwelling cichlid fish

Many animals can modify the environments in which they live, thereby changing the selection pressures they experience. A common example of such niche-construction is the use, creation, or modification of environmental resources for use as nests or shelters. Because these resources often have correlated structural elements, it can be difficult to disentangle the relative contribution of these elements to resource choice, and the preference functions underlying niche-construction behaviour remain hidden. Here, we present an experimental paradigm that uses 3D-scanning, -modelling, and -printing to create replicas of structures that differ with respect to key structural attributes. We show that a niche-constructing, shelldwelling cichlid fish, Neolamprologus multifasciatus, has strong open-ended preference functions for exaggerated shell replicas. Fish preferred shells that were fully intact and either enlarged, lengthened, or had widened apertures. Shell intactness was the most important structural attribute, followed by shell length, then aperture width. We disentangle the relative roles of different shell attributes, which are tightly correlated in the wild, but nevertheless differentially influence shelter choice and therefore niche construction in this species. We highlight the broad utility of our approach when compared to more traditional methods (e.g. two-choice tasks) for studying animal decision-making in a range of contexts.

Towards Stable Principles of Collective Intelligence under an Environment-Dependent Framework

A large body of work has shown that a group of individuals can often achieve higher levels of intelligence than the group members working alone. Despite these expectations of group advantage, many examples of collective failure have been documented—from market crashes to the spread of false and harmful rumors. To reconcile these results, a major effort in the study of collective decision making has been focused on understanding the role of group composition and communication patterns in promoting the "wisdom of the crowd" or, conversely, leading to "madness of the mob." In the past decades, much of this effort has been devoted to inferring the importance of a particular attribute, in isolation, by its capacity to explain the accuracy of collective judgments. In this thesis, we argue that such a perspective can lead to inconsistent conclusions: an `incoherency problem.' We assert that the importance of an individual-level or structural attribute may change as a function of the environment in which the group is situated. Hence, we propose a research agenda to investigate the relative importance of the group composition and the structure of interaction networks under an environment-dependent framework. We show that under such a framework, we can reconcile previously conflicting claims from the collective intelligence literature and motivate a future research program to identify stable principles of collective performance. Although implementing such a program is logistically challenging, "virtual lab" experiments of the sort discussed in this thesis, in combination with emerging "open science" practices such as pre-registration, data availability, open code, and "many-labs" collaborations, offer a promising route forward.

Synthesis, structural, W-H plot and size-strain analysis of nano cobalt doped MgFe2O4 ferrite

In this study we have investigated structural attribute of Co+2 doped MgFe2O4. Synthesis of Mg1-xCoxFe2O4 ferrite was carried out using co-precipitation method. The formation of spinal ferrite was confirmed through X-ray diffraction. Lattice parameter found to be 8.376748 ? and crystallite sizes in the range 180-365 ? are observed. Various parameters like dislocation density (?D); mechanical properties (strain), Hopping length {tetrahedral site (LA) and octahedral site (LB)}, Bond length (A-O and B-O), and Ionic radii (rA and rB) were reported. The W-H plot and Size-Strain plots were extensively studied and the results have been correlated.

Forest Measurements Using ICESat- Geoscience Laser Altimeter System -A Review

Forests play a vital role in carbon cycle and in maintaining climate balance. The measurement of three dimensional forest structural attributes has a profound impact on the forest ecosystem management. Active remote sensing systems provide the capability to quantify the three dimensional structural of forests by measuring both the vertical as well as horizontal structure of forests. Vertical forest measurements can be directly and accurately estimated by means of the space borne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and it has been often used to estimate the forest structural attributes. This paper provides an introductory review of application of the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) onboard NASA’s Ice Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite (ICESat), for the three dimensional structural attribute measurements of forests. The review attempted to briefly explain the characteristics of ICESat/GLAS instruments, data processing and certain applications from the wide range of applications of GLAS data in forestry.