The results of Soviet urbanization of Chita Oblast: structure, count and functional significance of urban settlements

  The article is dedicated to the results of urbanization of Chita Oblast in the late Soviet period. The author examines the established structure of urban settlements, count of cities and industrial townships, as well as their functional designation in the late 1980s. A brief characteristic of production base formed in the Soviet period (organizations, enterprises, etc.) is given by each city and large worker’s settlement. Calculation is conducted on separate demographic parameters of urbanization of the region: share of the urban population, share of the population of cities and industrial townships in the urban population, etc. The research leans on the official results of the All-Union Census of 1989, as well as the data from the official websites of urban settlements in Zabaykalsky Krai. It is underlined that by the end of the 1980s, on the territory of Chita Oblast was formed a broad and dispersed network of urban settlements, which for the most part scattered along Trans-Siberian Railway and southward towards the border with China. Trans-Baikal Railway and mining industry played the leading role in formation of majority of cities and workers’ settlements. The structure of urban settlements highlighted the capita of the region – Chita by demographical and functional aspects. However, nine more cities and five large townships with over 12,000 population and developed infrastructure, smoothed out the territorial imbalances in urbanization of the region.  

INTERACTION OF THE FUNCTIONAL AND PLANNING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE URBAN STRUCTURE

The article analyzes the main features of the interaction of functional filling and planning urban planning techniques in the central parts of major historical cities in the course of their development. Such an analysis is essential to the choice of optimal reconstructive solutions, with the necessary preservation of the historical and aesthetic value of the urban heritage. Similarly to the influence of the functional purpose of the building on the whole complex of planning and composite solutions, the primary definition of the semantic meaning of urban formation is directly influenced by the drawing and its plan, the logic of the interaction of the main urban planning categories from antiquity to our time. Thus, the main functional designation of medieval European cities as trading, defense and military ports has developed characteristic forms of their plans, optimal for the proper functioning of urban entities. Subsequently, after the destruction of irrelevant fortifications and in the process of territorial growth of cities significantly increases the range and volume of city functions and takes advantage of an open flexible scheme of microstructures in the developed system of the center outside the central core, which should maintain a high rank of historical and cultural emphasis of the city. In order to avoid the phenomena of functional degradation of separate spaces of the center or excessive dynamism of functions capable of distorting the value of historical and architectural substance, it is necessary to estimate the optimal capacity of the city center, that is, the quantitative and qualitative optimum of functions, which can perceive the historical environment without reducing its cultural and aesthetic values due to the harmonious interaction of functional and planning categories. This harmony can be achieved not only by adapting the contents and form of the city center to new needs, but also by adjusting these needs to the optimal possibilities of the historical environment, which may partially offset the comfort of the home by its special advantages.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE INNER NASAL CAVITY IN ANIMALS IN PHYLO- AND ONTOGENESIS: FUNCTIONAL ANATOMIC SIGNIFICANCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT PERIOD

Іntroduction: Main functions of the inner nose in humans are respiration and olfaction. Therefore, human needs a large surface of inhalable and exhalable air contact, warming and moistening. Importance of these organs in animals in phylogenesis before and after the secondary palate development can explain their anatomic and functional designation. The aim is to find out the functional significance of some anatomic formations of the inner nose and their development peculiarities in phylo-and ontogenesis. Materials and methods: We used a comparative anatomy method where we compared well-known facts of different animals’ development before and after secondary palate formation in phylo- and ontogenesis. Review: Olfactory organ in lower vertebrates develops as canal with two openings through which as a result of water penetration the olfactory ability increases. Sinuses formation in animals happens after secondary palate formation. Secondary palate in embryo develops by second month of development, and sinuses’ development begins on the 3-4 month. As a result, upper jaws and facial skull became stronger. Importance of mucous and lacrimal glands of the nose cavity and mucous glands of mouth received new functions of animal and vegetable food digestion. Conclusions: development of the secondary palate in warm-blooded vertebrates changed (limited) functional applicability of the lacrimal gland and nasolacrimal canal, mucous glands of nose and vegetative innervation. Groups of lacrimal, mucous glands of nose and mouth are unified system of primary, neurosecretory reaction to environment.

Mathematic model of production technology transformation

Modeling the processes of creating and improving production technologies is one of the most important tasks in the sphere of providing competitiveness for enterprises, branches and complexes in the strategic aspect. For the moment, the model Gartner’s Hype Cycle is used for the specified tasks, which describes changes in expectations from technologies in the course of a determined period of time from the moment when this technology appears to the moment of its complete development. At that, the results of analysis of literary sources on the explored theme speak about the lack of effective instruments for mathematical description of the process of developing and implementing production technologies in the practice of industrial enterprises. The given circumstance has validated the necessity of working out a mathematic model for the specified process; its elements should have a determined functional designation and it enables comparing the processes of development of different technologies.

Network performance assessment for collaborative disaster response

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a modified network performance assessment method to address issues of coordination among organizations in the context of disaster response. Design/methodology/approach – The study introduces affiliation networks to map disaster response system integrated with task/function and unit identifications. The study also assesses performance in two successive procedures including ineffective networks identification and assessment on organizational effectiveness. Findings – The study emphasizes problems in the current emergency management system in China with a focus on Sichuan earthquake experience. Specifically, some problems with the traditional central planning and control mechanisms in coordination across boundaries are highlighted, including participants’ inexact perception of information or resource accessibility, confusion of functional designation of organizations. Originality/value – The study builds network performance assessment method to other contexts where different emergency management systems exist and modifies them to facilitate quick complex networks evaluation. The theoretical insights from affiliation networks and cognitive accuracy provide additional contributions to the literature.