Nutritional Composition, Techno-Functional Properties and Sensory Analysis of Pan Bread Fortified with Kenaf Seeds Dietary Fibre

Kenaf seeds are underutilized source of food with good source of dietary fiber, protein, essential oil, and phytocompounds. The objectives of this study were to determine the nutritional composition of kenaf seeds, the techno-functional properties of kenaf seeds dietary fibre (KSDF), and sensory analysis of pan bread fortified with dietary fibre that was extracted from kenaf seeds. Analyses showed that kenaf seeds are rich in dietary fibre (28.87 g/ 100 g), protein (27.07 g/ 100 g), oil (23.78 g/100 g) and mineral (5.55 g/100 g). The dietary fibre that was extracted through enzymatic hydrolysis (KSDF (EH)) exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) greater water-binding capacity (WBC), oil-binding capacity (OBC) and viscosity than non-enzymatic hydrolyzed kenaf seeds dietary fibre (KSDF (NEH)) and defatted kenaf seed meal (DKSM). Different formulations of bread were prepared by replacing 10% of wheat flour with wheat bran fibre (positive control), rice bran fibre and KSDF, with white bread unfortified with fibre as negative control. Addition of 10% KSDF to bread formulation significantly (p < 0.05) reduced bread height, volume, specific volume, water activity and firmness, and increased proofing time and bread surface colour. Results from the sensory evaluation of the bread samples also showed that KSDF bread was the most acceptable in comparison to rice bran and wheat bran fortified breads. This study shows that kenaf seed has valuable source of dietary fibre with the potential to be used as a functional ingredient in the development of functional breads.

Impact of Ferment Processing Parameters on the Quality of White Pan Bread

A controlled fermentation process using straight-grade wheat flour, commercially milled from a grist of Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) wheat and English wheat, and fresh yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was found to be effective for developing a naturally derived product (ferment) that could be used for processing bread with the minimum use of dough improvers. The effects of ferment storage, fermentation time, and fermentation temperature on the quality of ferment and bread were evaluated to establish optimal conditions to produce a mature ferment. Trials were conducted on a pilot scale for greater relevance to industrialized bakeries. Ferment was assessed for total titratable acidity (TTA), pH, and viscosity. Breads made with ferment were evaluated for processing parameters, dough properties, and bread quality and compared to a control prepared without ferment. During fermentation, maximum TTA levels in the ferment were achieved at 100 min, then decreased by the end of fermentation, and increased by 24 h of storage at 4 °C. Viscosity was stable during fermentation but decreased by 24 h of storage. Inclusion of ferment resulted in reduced mixing times and improved dough extensibility and crumb softness. Specific loaf volume was not impacted; a slight reduction in crumb brightness and crumb structure was detected. Fermentation for 240 min at 35 °C was determined as optimal with a storage time for 24 h.