Word learning in the lab is hard! Data from 14-month-old monolingual and bilingual infants

Infants can learn words in their daily interactions early in life, and many studies have demonstrated that they can also learn words from brief in-lab exposures. While most studies have included monolingual infants, less is known about bilingual infants’ word learning and the role that language familiarity plays in this ability. In this study we examined word learning in a large sample (up to N = 155) of bilingual and monolingual 14-month-olds using a preferential looking paradigm. To support word learning, novel words were presented within sentence frames in one language (single-language condition) or two languages (dual-language condition). We predicted that infants would exhibit greater word–object learning when they were more familiar with the language of the sentence frame. Using both traditional (t-tests) and updated (linear mixed-effects models) analyses, we found no evidence for successful word learning, nor an effect of familiarity. Our results suggest that word learning in experimental settings can be challenging for 14-month-olds, even when sentence frames are provided. We discuss these results in relation to prior work and suggest how open science practices can contribute to more reliable findings about early word learning.

Get Your Guidance Going: Investigating the Activation of Spatial Priors for Efficient Search in Virtual Reality

Repeated search studies are a hallmark in the investigation of the interplay between memory and attention. Due to a usually employed averaging, a substantial decrease in response times occurring between the first and second search through the same search environment is rarely discussed. This search initiation effect is often the most dramatic decrease in search times in a series of sequential searches. The nature of this initial lack of search efficiency has thus far remained unexplored. We tested the hypothesis that the activation of spatial priors leads to this search efficiency profile. Before searching repeatedly through scenes in VR, participants either (1) previewed the scene, (2) saw an interrupted preview, or (3) started searching immediately. The search initiation effect was present in the latter condition but in neither of the preview conditions. Eye movement metrics revealed that the locus of this effect lies in search guidance instead of search initiation or decision time, and was beyond effects of object learning or incidental memory. Our study suggests that upon visual processing of an environment, a process of activating spatial priors to enable orientation is initiated, which takes a toll on search time at first, but once activated it can be used to guide subsequent searches.

Educação musical e projetos sociais: discutindo a relação entre música, pertencimento e demandas sociais em dois países

The social projects in music are a modern topic in the field of music education. Due to the importance of the point provided here, it is indicated the expansion of the object learning and teaching music beyond the aspects of social context in which these music social projects are inserted. Therefore, we seek to achieve an expanded look at the musical experiences offered in social projects not only in Brazil, but also in contexts with refugees originally from countries at war. In this article, we also illustrate experiences in social projects located in North Dakota, in the United States. Through dialogues with researchers of music education, we seek to reflect on the situation of refugees from countries at war, the sense of belonging, and the role of music education in communities in relation to the demands that permeate the musical aspects.

Meningkatkan Pemahaman Siswa Kelas 5 Menggunakan Media Benda Konkret Materi Organ Pernapasan Manusia

<p><em>Through class action research conducted in each cycle discusses the use of concrete object learning media in IPA learning. The subject of this study is grade 5 students of Cimohong State Elementary School 01 Bulakamba Sub-District which numbered 34 students The purpose of this research is to improve students' understanding of respiratory system materials in humans. The data collection technique used is to compile the entire data that has been obtained in the study namely the observation sheet and evaluation sheet of students consisting of 10 items about multiple choice. The findings after conducting research and data processing then the results of the study can be </em>described as follows: Student learning results are measured through the question of evaluation after the implementation of the study is completed in each cycle. Students' initial grades before Action showed an average score of 68.82 which is still below the specified KKM of 70. In Action Cycle 1 shows an average value of 73.53 and in cycle 2 79.12. The form of learning using concrete object media will further improve students' understanding.</p>

Use of Concrete Object Media to Improve Mathematics Learning Outcomes of Value and Equivalence of Currency Fractions

<p><em>This study aims to determine the increase in learning outcomes in online learning through concrete object learning media. This research is a classroom action research with the research subjects of grade II students of SD Margadana 8 Tegal City as many as 28 people. This research was conducted in 3 cycles, each cycle of 2 meetings. Each meeting consists of 4 stages, namely planning, implementing, observing and reflecting. The implementation of the research stages is slightly different from classroom learning because learning is carried out separately or students are in their respective homes. Based on the results of the research, in the first cycle, it was obtained an average of 65.36 classical student learning outcomes with 54% student completeness success, and in the second cycle it was obtained an average student learning outcomes classically 77 with completeness success increased to 79% and still being below the success indicator. In the third cycle, it was obtained the classical average of student learning outcomes 87 with the success of student completeness increased to 96% in this case it was more than the 85% achievement indicator. So from cycle I, cycle II and cycle III there is an increase in student learning outcomes. So, in this study it can be concluded that using concrete object media can improve student learning outcomes in online learning in Mathematics, the subject of value and currency denomination equivalence.</em></p>