Current features of the epidemiology and prevention of hepatitis B in risk groups in Russian Federation

Hepatitis B is an infectious disease that leads to severe health problems, with the risk of chronicity and death. The World Health Organization (WHO) has shown that about 4.5 million premature deaths from the infection could be prevented by 2030 in low- and middle-income countries through vaccination, diagnostic tests, drugs, and education campaigns. The main goal of the WHO global hepatitis strategy is to reduce new infections by 90 % and deaths by 65 % between 2016 and 2030. The successes of hepatitis B vaccine prophylaxis are the basis for setting the ambitious goal of eliminating the disease in the future. However, to date, many questions about the organization and planning of regional vaccination programs remain unresolved and provoke discussions among specialists around the world, including in Russia. In order to systematize and summarize the scientific literature on prevention, as well as to evaluate its effectiveness, we performed a literature search using the electronic bibliographic resources https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ and https://elibrary.ru/ using the key words «hepatitis B» and «vaccine prophylaxis». Analysis of scientific papers allowed us to characterize some manifestations of hepatitis B epidemic process and reveal its modern features in the territory of Russia, including risk groups. Aspects of genetic heterogeneity of HBsAg pathogen circulating in Russian territory as well as in adjoining states are given in details. The organization of vaccine prophylaxis is considered; the used immunobiological preparations are characterized. The results of the work define the role of serological studies in the system of epidemic surveillance for hepatitis B, as well as their significance for formation of adequate tactics of vaccination of the population, including in risk groups.

Prevalence of Hepatitis B and C among Tuberculosis Patients at Local Community of Sindh, Pakistan

Objective: To assess the prevalence rate of Hepatitis B and C among those patients who had tuberculosis in local community of Sindh, Pakistan. Study Design:Survey-based study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pathology, Liaquat University of Medical & health Sciences Jamshoro from 1stJanuary 2020 to 31stDecember 2020. Methodology: Five hundred and eighty nine confirmed cases of tuberculosis patients were enrolled. The patients were further analyzed to assess either HBV, HCV or both are present or absent. Results: Three hundred and forty one (57.8%) were males and 248 (42.1%) were females. The majority of participants were in the age group of 45-54 years 147 (24.9%).The residence detail showed that 167 (28.3%) belonged to urban areas. Further 143 (24.2%) had sickness history of 2-6 months, 239 (40.5%) had history of 6-12 months, The prevalence of hepatitis B and C among tuberculosis patients showed, 17.8% (n=105) with Hepatitis B, 26.3% (n=155) were diagnosed with hepatitis C, 15.7% (n=93) had Both Hepatitis B and C, however 236 (40.0%) had no history with hepatitis. Hepatitis C was most frequently found age of above 54 years, 55 (9.3%). Conclusion:The control of tuberculosis has remained one of the greatest goals globally till date, the higher risk of liver complications, along with the Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C. Although the complications of Tuberculosis patients remain unsolved yet the possible efforts can be made to identify the earlier problems for the clinical prospective and a complete follow up of the records can optimize the management of Tuberculosis in co-existing conditions of hepatitis B and C. Key Words: Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Tuberculosis, Liver diseases

Treatment of Hepatitis C with Glecaprevir/Pibrentasvir in a Patient with Concurrent Stricturing Crohn’s Disease on Adalimumab

A 22-year-old male with long standing, active Crohn’s disease on Adalimumab had presented with increasing levels of his transaminases. A full workup was conducted and the patient was found to have hepatitis C (HCV) based on a positive HCV antibody, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and genotyping. He was started on a regimen of Glecaprevir/Pibrentasvir with excellent response defined by complete normalization of his transaminitis and an undetectable PCR at the end of 8 weeks of treatment and achieved sustained viral response at 12 weeks of treatment. This is the first case reporting the use of a combination of Glecaprevir/Pibrentasvir and Adalimumab in a patient with HCV and Crohn’s disease. Key words: Hepatitis C, Glecaprevir/Pibrentasvir, Crohn’s Disease

Predicting 90-day mortality at admission and 7 days post-admission among patients with hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure

Objective: To investigate the relationship between baseline characteristics and 90-day mortality in hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure patients. Methods: The retrospective study was conducted at Fuling Centre Hospital, Chongqing, China, and comprised data from July 2015 to June 2018 of hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure patients. Demographic characteristics and clinical features at admission and 7 days post-admission were noted. The data was then divided into two groups based on a patient’s 90-day survival status, and their clinical and lab characteristics were compared using SPSS 16. Results: Of the 120 patients screened, 100(83.3%) were included; 75(75%) males and 25(25%) females. The overall mean age was 50.04±14.61 years. There were 68(68%) in the surviving group and 32(432%) in the non-surviving group. Patients who had hyper-leukocytosis, hypoalbuminemia, lower prothrombin time activity, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, higher alanine aminotransferase levels and renal dysfunction at admission had poor prognoses (p<0.05). At 7 days post-admission, the non-surviving group had lower platelet count, higher aspartate aminotransferase level, lower bilirubin normalisation rate and higher total bile acid levels (p<0.05). Conclusions: Baseline organ failure severity was found to determine the outcome more strongly than the underlying cause. Key Words: Hepatitis B, Acute-on-chronic liver failure, Prognosis.

Clinical and economic aspects of bulevirtide use in patients with chronic hepatitis D

Key words: hepatitis D, delta agent hepatitis, bulevirtide, pegylated interferon, budget impact analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis

“THE EFFECT OF ANTIVIRAL DRUG ON LIFE CYCLE OF HEPATITIS VIRUS B”

With up to 400 million influenced individuals around the world, constant hepatitis B infection (HBV) contamination is as yet a noteworthy medicinal services issue. Amid the most recent decade, a few novel helpful methodologies have been produced and assessed. In many locales of the world, interferon-α, and nucleos(t)ide analogs (NUCs) are as of now affirmed. In spite of real enhancements, none of the current treatments is ideal since viral freedom is seldom accomplished. As of late, a superior comprehension of the HBV life cycle and the advancement of novel model frameworks of HBV disease have prompted the improvement of novel antiviral procedures and medication targets. This survey will concentrate on present and potential future medication focuses in the HBV life cycle and systems to balance the virus– have connection. Key Words: hepatitis B virus, , interferon-α, rcDNA, Antiviral agents.

TREATMENT OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS C GENOTYPE 6 PATIENT WITH TRIPLE THERAPY PEG-IFN, RIBAVIRIN AND SOFOSBUVIR: CASE REPORT AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The author presents a case with chronic hepatitis C, genotype 6, treated with triple regime: Peg-IFN combined to ribavirin and sofosbuvir. After 3 months of therapy and 3 months follow up, patient has good clinical and virological response (SVR 12). Some results of similar studies in Vietnam and abroad, especially the studies concerning the new agents DAAs were also presented, analysed and compared with author’s results. Key words: Hepatitis C, treatment, Peg-IFN, Ribavirin, Sofosbuvir

Viral Hepatitis Other Than A, B, or C

Viral hepatitis is a global, although variably distributed, health problem associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Infection with a hepatitis virus leads to acute inflammation and liver cell damage (hepatocyte injury). Such infection may be symptomatic or subclinical and may result in disease resolution, death from fulminant hepatic failure, or development of a chronic disease state. Whereas the chronic infection with hepatitis B and C accounts for a global burden of more than 500,000,000 cases, the global death rate from all types of hepatitis is approximately 1 million people annually. This review focuses on the virology, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of hepatitis D and hepatitis E, as well as other viruses associated with hepatitis. Figures show the global distribution of hepatitis D infection, elevation of anti–hepatitis D virus antibodies in hepatitis B/hepatitis D virus coinfection, geographic distribution of hepatitis E virus by genotype, factors significant in the pathogenesis of hepatitis E, and pattern of antibody elevation in hepatitis E. The table lists proposed diagnostic criteria for hepatitis E virus. This review contains 5 highly rendered figures, 1 table, and 42 references. Key words: hepatitis D, hepatitis D virus, hepatitis E, hepatitis E virus, non-A hepatitis, non-B hepatitis, non-C hepatitis, viral hepatitis

Viral Hepatitis Other than A, B, or C

Viral hepatitis is a global, although variably distributed, health problem associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Infection with a hepatitis virus leads to acute inflammation and liver cell damage (hepatocyte injury). Such infection may be symptomatic or subclinical and may result in disease resolution, death from fulminant hepatic failure, or development of a chronic disease state. Whereas the chronic infection with hepatitis B and C accounts for a global burden of more than 500,000,000 cases, the global death rate from all types of hepatitis is approximately 1 million people annually. This review focuses on the virology, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of hepatitis D and hepatitis E, as well as other viruses associated with hepatitis. Figures show the global distribution of hepatitis D infection, elevation of anti–hepatitis D virus antibodies in hepatitis B/hepatitis D virus coinfection, geographic distribution of hepatitis E virus by genotype, factors significant in the pathogenesis of hepatitis E, and pattern of antibody elevation in hepatitis E. The table lists proposed diagnostic criteria for hepatitis E virus. This review contains 5 highly rendered figures, 1 table, and 42 references. Key words: hepatitis D, hepatitis D virus, hepatitis E, hepatitis E virus, non-A hepatitis, non-B hepatitis, non-C hepatitis, viral hepatitis

Viral Hepatitis Other than A, B, or C

Viral hepatitis is a global, although variably distributed, health problem associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Infection with a hepatitis virus leads to acute inflammation and liver cell damage (hepatocyte injury). Such infection may be symptomatic or subclinical and may result in disease resolution, death from fulminant hepatic failure, or development of a chronic disease state. Whereas the chronic infection with hepatitis B and C accounts for a global burden of more than 500,000,000 cases, the global death rate from all types of hepatitis is approximately 1 million people annually. This review focuses on the virology, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of hepatitis D and hepatitis E, as well as other viruses associated with hepatitis. Figures show the global distribution of hepatitis D infection, elevation of anti–hepatitis D virus antibodies in hepatitis B/hepatitis D virus coinfection, geographic distribution of hepatitis E virus by genotype, factors significant in the pathogenesis of hepatitis E, and pattern of antibody elevation in hepatitis E. The table lists proposed diagnostic criteria for hepatitis E virus. This review contains 5 highly rendered figures, 1 table, and 42 references. Key words: hepatitis D, hepatitis D virus, hepatitis E, hepatitis E virus, non-A hepatitis, non-B hepatitis, non-C hepatitis, viral hepatitis