Place of the Muscovy state in the expansion of the Europeans to the East in the XVI–XVII centuries (for the statement of the problem)

The article attempts to pose the research problem of the place of the Russian state in the process of the expansion of Europeans to the East in the period of the XVIXVII centuries. The actual basis of the proposed topic consists of the numerous attempts by the representatives of the conditional West to use the specifics of the geographical location of the then Russia in order to establish and further develop the contacts with the particular Asian states. The experience of the complex, consistent and comprehensive coverage of this problem today is practically absent both in the domestic and the foreign historiography. The study of the place and role of the Muscovy empire in the process of penetration of the Western European powers, commercial and clerical corporations to the East is possible on the basis of an analysis of a wide range of written sources of Russian and foreign origins. This publication includes an approximate plan (a program) for the subsequent study of the stated issues. It seems appropriate to highlight the independent thematic aspects, among which the following should be named exclusively: the characteristics of the individual routes connecting the Russian lands with the East, the circumstances and consequences of the European travels to Asia in transit through the Russian territory, the participation of the Asian side (in particular, Persia) in the processes and events under consideration. One of the central places in the research program should be occupied by the little-studied question of the Muscovy empires own position on the problem of the European-Asian transit. In addition, the analysis of the historical experience of the intercontinental dialogue directly in the dominions of the Russian tsars is of considerable interest. The article concludes about the unconditional scientific value, prospects and novelty of the formulated problem.

SEISMICITY of the RUSSIAN PART of EAST EUROPEAN PLATFORM and ADJACENT TERRITORIES in 2015

It is reported that 41 stationary seismic stations, 2 arrays, and 7 temporary seismic stations, located in the area of Novovoronezh and Kursk nuclear stations, monitored seismicity of the Russian territory of the East European Platform (EEP) in 2015. The registration capabilities of the seismic network at the EEP as a whole were estimated based on the average station noise level and the equation for the energy decay of seismic phases. Zones with the best capabilities have been allocated. A feature of seismicity in 2015 is the manifestation of earthquakes of moderate magnitudes (ML=2.7–3.9) in the peripheral regions (in the southwest, west, and northwest) and in zones associated with paleorift structures: in the southwest – with the Dnieper Donetsk and in the northeast – with the Kirov-Kazhim and Soligalich (Central Russian) aulacogenes. The results of the macroseismic survey are given for the earthquake in Poltava on February 2, 2015, with M=3.7; focal mechanisms of two earthquakes (03.02.2015 and 12.06.2015) are constructed. According to the data of the Latvian Center, an earthquake was recorded in the region of Lithuania bordering the Kaliningrad region. Weaker natural seismicity with ML≤2.5 was recorded in Karelia and the regions bordering with Finland, near the Kandalaksha Bay, near the Khibiny, and Lovozersky massifs on the Kola Peninsula, and on the territory of the Voronezh crystalline massif.

Calculation of the temperature fields spread at subzero temperature in a monolithic beam

Monolithic construction in winter is faced with problems of concrete strength gain at subzero ambient temperatures. In order to ensure the necessary temperature conditions for hardening and hardening of concrete, various methods of heating structures are used. The relevance of this article is due to the climatic conditions of construction in most of the Russian territory and lack of a unified calculation method. The existing calculation methods are either easy to use, but give approximate answers, or exact solutions, but cumbersome and inconvenient in daily use. This paper presents group analysis method of differential equations used to predict temperature regimes for concreted structures. Solving the nonlinear differential equation of thermal conductivity by group analysis made it possible to derive, using nonlinear submodels, simple and convenient for practical application calculation formulas for modeling the temperature fields of heated structures. Experimental verification of the two proposed solutions of the nonlinear equation was carried out on the basis of the monolithic girder model, subjected to heat treatment at different powers.

Cyanobacterial Diversity of the Northern Polar Ural Mountains

This study provides new results from an inventory of cyanobacterial species from the Northern Polar Ural Mountains. The article also compiles all existing published data on the cyanobacterial diversity of the region. This ecoregion is located in a unique geographical position in the transition between the sub-Arctic and low Arctic zones and heterogeneous natural conditions. Likely, the unexplored biodiversity of this area’s terrestrial cyanobacteria is high. In total, 52 localities were studied, with 232 samples collected. Cyanobacterial samples were studied under a light microscope. Species were identified based on morphological characteristics only. A total of 93 species of cyanobacteria were identified in different habitats; 70 species were found on wet rocks, 35 on the shores of water bodies, 27 in slow streams, and 21 on waterfalls. In total, 37 species are reported as part of the Ural flora for the first time, while three species (Chroococcus ercegovicii, Gloeocapsopsis cyanea, Gloeothece tepidariorum) were detected in Russian territory for the first time. The composition of the cyanobacterial flora of the Polar Urals was compared with the flora of the nearby Arctic and sub-Arctic regions. According to the Sorensen similarity index, the Polar Urals’ flora is more like the flora of Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

Current features of the epidemiology and prevention of hepatitis B in risk groups in Russian Federation

Hepatitis B is an infectious disease that leads to severe health problems, with the risk of chronicity and death. The World Health Organization (WHO) has shown that about 4.5 million premature deaths from the infection could be prevented by 2030 in low- and middle-income countries through vaccination, diagnostic tests, drugs, and education campaigns. The main goal of the WHO global hepatitis strategy is to reduce new infections by 90 % and deaths by 65 % between 2016 and 2030. The successes of hepatitis B vaccine prophylaxis are the basis for setting the ambitious goal of eliminating the disease in the future. However, to date, many questions about the organization and planning of regional vaccination programs remain unresolved and provoke discussions among specialists around the world, including in Russia. In order to systematize and summarize the scientific literature on prevention, as well as to evaluate its effectiveness, we performed a literature search using the electronic bibliographic resources https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ and https://elibrary.ru/ using the key words «hepatitis B» and «vaccine prophylaxis». Analysis of scientific papers allowed us to characterize some manifestations of hepatitis B epidemic process and reveal its modern features in the territory of Russia, including risk groups. Aspects of genetic heterogeneity of HBsAg pathogen circulating in Russian territory as well as in adjoining states are given in details. The organization of vaccine prophylaxis is considered; the used immunobiological preparations are characterized. The results of the work define the role of serological studies in the system of epidemic surveillance for hepatitis B, as well as their significance for formation of adequate tactics of vaccination of the population, including in risk groups.

Christian Objects from the 2 and 3 Mstislavsky Excavation Archaeological Collection of 2017

В статье дается обзор новых находок предметов христианского культа по итогам сезона 2017 г. из Мстиславских раскопов в Пскове. В контексте аналогичных находок с территории Руси рассматриваются домонгольские энколпионы и их фрагменты, нательные кресты XIV-XV вв., позднесредневековые нательные кресты с изображением Голгофы и с надписями, наперсные кресты и миниатюрные образки. The paper provides an overview of new finds of Christian objects from the Mstislavsky excavations in Pskov for the 2017 season. Pre-Mongolian reliquary-crosses and their fragments, 14 - 15 c. pectoral crosses, late medieval pectoral crosses with the Calvary image and inscriptions, pectoral crosses and miniature icons are considered in the context of similar finds from Russian territory.

Food Crises in Kabardino-Balkaria in 1920s.

One of the little-studied episodes of the systemic crisis that gripped Russian territory at the beginning of the last century as a result of wars and revolutions, as well as social transformations in the countryside, is considered. The food situation in Kabardino-Balkaria in the 1920s is analyzed. The features of the research approach inherent in the works of regional historians of the Soviet period when examining the theme of famine in Kabardino-Balkaria in 1921—1922 and 1930 are revealed in the article. On the material of archival sources, the active role of local and central authorities in the fight against hunger in the region in 1921—1922 is shown. Particular attention is paid to the problem of the 1930 famine. The main reasons for the taboo of this topic and the lack of its scientific development are established. It is proved that the scale and consequences of the food crisis in Kabardino-Balkaria in 1930 was comparable to the similar phenomena of 1921—1922. The subject of the anti-collective farm movement, which began in the summer of 1928 and lasted until the completion of the collectivization of peasant farms in Kabardino-Balkaria, associated with the problem of the systemic crisis of the indicated period, is highlighted.

Foreign Policy of Provisional Priamur Government (1921—1922): Process of Formation and Basic Ideological Attitudes

The article is devoted to the foreign policy course of the anti-Bolshevik Provisional Priamurye Government, which controled Primorye in 1921—1922. The source base of the research was the journalism of the pro-government press (the newspapers “Slovo”, “Russian Territory”, “Bulletin of the Provisional Priamurye Government”) and archival materials. Particular attention is paid to the role of the media in substantiating the foreign policy of the Far Eastern non-socialists. It is shown that the official statements of the government (appeals, proclamations, interviews of officials) published in the press contained the foundations of the foreign policy doctrine of the White movement. In addition, it is indicated that anti-Bolshevik publicists regularly responded to foreign policy events and tried to form public opinion through newspaper articles. It is noted that the cornerstone of the program of the Provisional Priamurye Government was the thesis of the antagonism of “Russia” (personified in the white Primorye) and “Sovdepia” — RSFSR (together with the buffer Far Eastern Republic). As an example, illustrating the application of Provisional Priamurye Government ideological attitudes in practice, the sending of a delegation from the white Primorye to the Washington conference at the end of 1921 is given. The preceding press campaign, designed to substantiate the importance of the presence of the anti-Bolshevik delegation in Washington, is highlighted.

Russia and the Development of Eurasian Communications and Transit: After-Effects of the Pandemic and National Transportation Interests

The article analyzes the changes that the Eurasian transit is undergoing in connection with the consequences of the global COVID-19 pandemic. The authors consider the development of transport communications and the expansion of international transport corridors as a strategically important part of the national Russian economy, which has recently been rapidly gaining momentum, largely due to the pandemic. The demand for Eurasian land routes has increased even more due to the force majeure blocking of theSuez Canalin the spring of 2021. The content analysis of databases, regulatory documents, strategies, expert assessments and up-to-date statistics on the Eurasian cargo container transit was carried out. The latest trends related to the introduction of quarantine restrictions and the potential of countries to adapt to new realities are investigated. The connection between internal processes in the EAEU countries and the growth of container transit through the Russian territory is revealed. The authors identified the reasons for the significant loss in 2020.Kazakhstan's transit competitiveness and shows how the internal political crisis inBelaruscloses its routes for transshipment of goods toEurope. The main priorities in the development of the national transport interests of theRussian Federationhave been formed.