Cotangent spaces and separating re-embeddings

Given an affine algebra [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is a polynomial ring over a field [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] is an ideal in [Formula: see text], we study re-embeddings of the affine scheme [Formula: see text], i.e. presentations [Formula: see text] such that [Formula: see text] is a polynomial ring in fewer indeterminates. To find such re-embeddings, we use polynomials [Formula: see text] in the ideal [Formula: see text] which are coherently separating in the sense that they are of the form [Formula: see text] with an indeterminate [Formula: see text] which divides neither a term in the support of [Formula: see text] nor in the support of [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text]. The possible numbers of such sets of polynomials are shown to be governed by the Gröbner fan of [Formula: see text]. The dimension of the cotangent space of [Formula: see text] at a [Formula: see text]-linear maximal ideal is a lower bound for the embedding dimension, and if we find coherently separating polynomials corresponding to this bound, we know that we have determined the embedding dimension of [Formula: see text] and found an optimal re-embedding.

Geometric Aspects of the Isentropic Liquid Dynamics and Vorticity Invariants

We review a modern differential geometric description of fluid isentropic motion and features of it including diffeomorphism group structure, modelling the related dynamics, as well as its compatibility with the quasi-stationary thermodynamical constraints. We analyze the adiabatic liquid dynamics, within which, following the general approach, the nature of the related Poissonian structure on the fluid motion phase space as a semidirect Banach groups product, and a natural reduction of the canonical symplectic structure on its cotangent space to the classical Lie-Poisson bracket on the adjoint space to the corresponding semidirect Lie algebras product are explained in detail. We also present a modification of the Hamiltonian analysis in case of a flow governed by isothermal liquid dynamics. We study the differential-geometric structure of isentropic magneto-hydrodynamic superfluid phase space and its related motion within the Hamiltonian analysis and related invariant theory. In particular, we construct an infinite hierarchy of different kinds of integral magneto-hydrodynamic invariants, generalizing those previously constructed in the literature, and analyzing their differential-geometric origins. A charged liquid dynamics on the phase space invariant with respect to an abelian gauge group transformation is also investigated, and some generalizations of the canonical Lie-Poisson type bracket is presented.

Geometric Aspects of the Isentropic Liquid Dynamics and Vorticity Invariants

We review a modern differential geometric description of the fluid isotropic motion and featuring it the diffeomorphism group structure, modelling the related dynamics, as well as its compatibility with the quasi-stationary thermodynamical constraints. There is analyzed the adiabatic liquid dynamics, within which, following the general approach, there is explained in detail, the nature of the related Poissonian structure on the fluid motion phase space, as a semidirect Banach groups product, and a natural reduction of the canonical symplectic structure on its cotangent space to the classical Lie-Poisson bracket on the adjoint space to the corresponding semidirect Lie algebras product. We also present a modification of the Hamiltonian analysis in case of the isotermal liquid dynamics. We study the differential-geometric structure of the adiabatic magneto-hydrodynamic superfluid phase space and its related motion within the Hamiltonian analysis and invariant theory. In particular, we construct an infinite hierarchies of different kinds of integral magneto-hydrodynamic invariants, generalizing those before constructed in the literature, and analyze their differential-geometric origins. A charged liquid dynamics on the phase space invariant with respect to an abelian gauge group transformation is also investigated, some generalization of the canonical Lie-Poisson type bracket is obtained.

Finding Exact Forms on a Thermodynamic Manifold

Because only two variables are needed to characterize a simple thermodynamic system in equilibrium, any such system is constrained on a 2D manifold. Of particular interest are the exact 1-forms on the cotangent space of that manifold, since the integral of exact 1-forms is path-independent, a crucial property satisfied by state variables such as internal energy dE and entropy dS. Our prior work [1] shows that given an appropriate language of vector calculus, a machine can re-discover the Maxwell equations and the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations from data. In this paper, We enhance this language by including differential forms and show that machines can re-discover the equation for entropy dS given data. Since entropy appears in various fields of science in different guises, a potential extension of this work is to use the machinery developed in this paper to let machines discover the expressions for entropy from data in fields other than classical thermodynamics.

THE RENORMALIZED VOLUME AND UNIFORMIZATION OF CONFORMAL STRUCTURES

We study the renormalized volume of asymptotically hyperbolic Einstein (AHE in short) manifolds $(M,g)$ when the conformal boundary $\unicode[STIX]{x2202}M$ has dimension $n$ even. Its definition depends on the choice of metric $h_{0}$ on $\unicode[STIX]{x2202}M$ in the conformal class at infinity determined by $g$, we denote it by $\text{Vol}_{R}(M,g;h_{0})$. We show that $\text{Vol}_{R}(M,g;\cdot )$ is a functional admitting a ‘Polyakov type’ formula in the conformal class $[h_{0}]$ and we describe the critical points as solutions of some non-linear equation $v_{n}(h_{0})=\text{constant}$, satisfied in particular by Einstein metrics. When $n=2$, choosing extremizers in the conformal class amounts to uniformizing the surface, while if $n=4$ this amounts to solving the $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}_{2}$-Yamabe problem. Next, we consider the variation of $\text{Vol}_{R}(M,\cdot ;\cdot )$ along a curve of AHE metrics $g^{t}$ with boundary metric $h_{0}^{t}$ and we use this to show that, provided conformal classes can be (locally) parametrized by metrics $h$ solving $v_{n}(h)=\text{constant}$ and $\text{Vol}(\unicode[STIX]{x2202}M,h)=1$, the set of ends of AHE manifolds (up to diffeomorphisms isotopic to the identity) can be viewed as a Lagrangian submanifold in the cotangent space to the space ${\mathcal{T}}(\unicode[STIX]{x2202}M)$ of conformal structures on $\unicode[STIX]{x2202}M$. We obtain, as a consequence, a higher-dimensional version of McMullen’s quasi-Fuchsian reciprocity. We finally show that conformal classes admitting negatively curved Einstein metrics are local minima for the renormalized volume for a warped product type filling.

Analysis of Discrete Mechanical Systems With Blockable Directions

The classification of constraints in mechanics and the various mechanical principles that apply to different types of constraints constitute a major area of research in the field of theoretical and applied mechanics. The sudden introduction of bilateral constraints into a mechanical process is blocking and its sudden removal is releasing. The sudden introduction and removal of bilateral constraints, which exist in a subset of the whole process time span, may induce impacts. An impulsive action integral is proposed for such mechanical processes. The projectors of the tangent space of the submanifold and the cotangent space are derived and the equations of motion in different constrained submanifolds are obtained by making use of the projectors. The questions of the uniqueness and the existence of the post-transition velocity are addressed.

GRAVITY IN CURVED PHASE-SPACES, FINSLER GEOMETRY AND TWO-TIMES PHYSICS

The generalized (vacuum) field equations corresponding to gravity on curved 2d-dimensional (dim) tangent bundle/phase spaces and associated with the geometry of the (co)tangent bundle TMd-1, 1(T*Md-1, 1) of a d-dim space–time Md-1, 1 are investigated following the strict distinguished d-connection formalism of Lagrange–Finsler and Hamilton–Cartan geometry. It is found that there is no mathematical equivalence with Einstein's vacuum field equations in space–times of 2d dimensions, with two times, after a d+d Kaluza–Klein-like decomposition of the 2d-dim scalar curvature R is performed and involving the introduction of a nonlinear connection [Formula: see text]. The physical applications of the 4-dim phase space metric solutions found in this work, corresponding to the cotangent space of a 2-dim space–time, deserve further investigation. The physics of two times may be relevant in the solution to the problem of time in quantum gravity and in the explanation of dark matter. Finding nontrivial solutions of the generalized gravitational field equations corresponding to the 8-dim cotangent bundle (phase space) of the 4-dim space–time remains a challenging task.

Quantum Orlicz Spaces in Information Geometry

Let H0 be a selfadjoint operator such that Tr e−βH0 is of trace class for some β < 1, and let χɛ denote the set of ɛ-bounded forms, i.e., ∥(H0+C)−1/2−ɛX(H0+C)−1/2+ɛ∥ < C for some C > 0. Let χ := Span ∪ɛ∈(0,1/2]χɛ. Let [Formula: see text] denote the underlying set of the quantum information manifold of states of the form ρx = e−H0−X−ψx, X ∈ χ. We show that if Tr e−H0 = 1. 1. the map Φ, [Formula: see text] is a quantum Young function defined on χ 2. The Orlicz space defined by Φ is the tangent space of [Formula: see text] at ρ0; its affine structure is defined by the (+1)-connection of Amari 3. The subset of a ‘hood of ρ0, consisting of p-nearby states (those [Formula: see text] obeying C−1ρ1+p ≤ σ ≤ Cρ1 − p for some C > 1) admits a flat affine connection known as the (−1) connection, and the span of this set is part of the cotangent space of [Formula: see text] 4. These dual structures extend to the completions in the Luxemburg norms.