Modeling Hypertension as a Contributor to Retinal Hemorrhaging from Abusive Head Trauma

Retinal hemorrhaging (RH) is indicative and prevalent in abusive head trauma (AHT)—yet the direct cause of the RH from AHT is unknown. Our hypothesis is that RH in AHT is the combination of shaking forces and hypertension. This combination of effects explains why RH is not normally observed in common childhood accidents but is nearly exclusively observed in AHT. An experimental model using porcine eyes was designed to ascertain the required pressure change for sudden RH and, via a computer model, the subsequent stress increase in blood vessels. The porcine eyes were cannulated via the maxillary artery and pressurized until perfusion and RH were observed. Fluid was injected into the head with a computer-controlled continuous flow syringe pump; video of the fundus was recorded during perfusion; and the pressure of the fluid entering the eye was recorded as well. A computer model was created in COMSOL to simulate loading from hypertension, shaking, and the combination of the forces. This model was validated via experimental data collected from the porcine model. It was found that hypertension or shaking alone did not cause an increase in stress required to cause RH. But when the loading of shaking and hypertension was combined, as would occur in AHT, the stress increases were greater than those extrapolated from the porcine model and would cause RH.

Social determinants of health associated with childhood accidents at home: An integrative review

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the factors associated with childhood accidents at home according to the levels of the social determinants of health. Method: integrative review of the literature, with research in databases CINAHL, LILACS and PubMed, with the following main descriptors: child; social determinants of health; accidentes, home. We included 31 studies that related the social determinants of health and childhood accidents, in English, Portuguese and Spanish. Results: the proximal determinants identified were: age and sex of children, and ethnicity. Among the intermediate determinants of health, parental behavior, related to the supervision of an adult, prevailed. Parental employment and socioeconomic status were identified as distal determinants. Conclusion: the age and sex of the child, besides direct supervision, were the determinants most associated with accidents. The distal determinants should be better studied because their relation with the occurrence of domestic accidents has not been sufficiently clarified.

Atividades de educação em saúde junto ao ensino infantil: relato de experiência

RESUMOObjetivo: descrever a experiência de planejamento e desenvolvimento de atividades de educação em saúde junto ao ensino infantil. Método: estudo qualitativo, descritivo, do tipo relato de experiência, de atividades da disciplina de Saúde da Criança do Curso de Graduação em Enfermagem de universidade pública do Sul do Brasil junto à escola de educação infantil. Os temas abordados foram: hábitos de higiene, alimentação infantil, acidentes na infância. Resultados: realizaram-se atividades lúdicas, como gincana, desenhos, pintura, para o aprendizado e troca de conhecimentos entre as crianças. Para cada encontro, foram planejadas duas ou três atividades, podendo abordar mais temáticas no mesmo encontro, utilizando-se da modalidade de gincana. Conclusão: almeja-se contribuir para a divulgação de ideias de atividades de educação em saúde junto à educação infantil e a possibilidade de replicar tais atividades em outros contextos, visando à promoção da saúde no âmbito do cuidado de Enfermagem. Descritores: Saúde da Criança; Promoção da Saúde; Educação Infantil; Educação em Saúde; Jogos e Brinquedos; Enfermagem. ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the experience of planning and development of health education activities with early childhood education. Method: qualitative, descriptive study of the of experience report type of activities of the Child Health discipline of the Undergraduate Nursing Course of a public university of the South of Brazil next to the nursery school. The topics covered were: hygiene habits, infant feeding, childhood accidents. Results: play activities, such as gymkhana, drawings, painting, learning and exchange of knowledge among children were carried out. For each meeting, two or three activities, were planned, and more topics could be addressed in the same meeting, using the gymkhana modality. Conclusion: it is hoped to contribute to the dissemination of ideas about health education activities with children's education and the possibility of replicating such activities in other contexts, aiming at the promotion of health in the scope of Nursing care. Descritores: Child Health; Health Promotion; Child Rearing; Health Education; Play and Playthings; Nursing. RESUMEN Objetivo: describir la experiencia de planificación y desarrollo de actividades de educación en salud junto a la enseñanza infantil. Método: estudio cualitativo, descriptivo, del tipo relato de experiencia, de actividades de la disciplina de Salud del Niño del Curso de Graduación en Enfermería de universidad pública del Sur de Brasil junto a la escuela de educación infantil. Los temas abordados fueron: hábitos de higiene, alimentación infantil, accidentes en la infancia. Resultados: se realizaron actividades lúdicas, como, gincana, dibujos, pintura, para el aprendizaje y el intercambio de conocimientos entre los niños. Para cada encuentro, se planearon dos o tres actividades, pudiendo abordar más temáticas en el mismo encuentro, utilizando la modalidad de gincana. Conclusión: se pretende contribuir a la divulgación de ideas de actividades de educación en salud junto a la educación infantil y la posibilidad de replicar tales actividades en otros contextos, visando la promoción de la salud en el ámbito del cuidado de Enfermería. Descritores: Salud del Niño; Promoción de la Salud; Crianza del Niño; Educación en Salud; Juego e Implementos de Juego; Enfermería.

Determining factors of domestic accidents in early childhood

Introduction: Domestic accidents are one of the main causes of death among children, characterized by an event that involves multiple determinants, emphasizing, among others, intrapersonal, interpersonal, cultural and institutional factors. Objective: To analyse the determinants of domestic accidents in early childhood. Methods: This is an exploratory, descriptive, and cross-sectional study carried out in the Emergency Hospital of Teresina city, Piauí, Brazil, between January and March 2016. The population was composed of 21 caregivers of children under five years old, hospitalized between January and March 2016. For data collection, a structured interview was conducted on aspects related to the risk factors associated with the incidence of domestic accidents involving children. A descriptive analysis was performed, with absolute and relative frequencies for the variables. The Human Research Ethics Committee approved the research with Protocol No. 1324184. Results: In relation to intrapersonal factors, pre-school children were the main victims (57.2%). For interpersonal factors, it was observed that most of participants (85.7%) considered the household unsafe for children. The evaluation of institutional factors showed that most caregivers (52.4%) had not been advised about the prevention of accidents at home. In terms of cultural factors, most participants (81%) had not heard news about domestic accidents. Conclusion: Parents and caregivers have very limited knowledge about the prevention of childhood accidents at home, with male pre-schoolers the main victims of domestic accidents.

Childhood Mishaps and Its Cognizance among Nepalese Mothers of Parsa District for Its Prevention, Small Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Several studies have shown that there several unintentional causes for the unwanted childhood accidents. In addition, Nepal demographic health survey via West University of England revealed at 2006 A.D, 11% death casualties of under- five aged children are due to unintentional injuries 1. This particular study is extremely useful to health care planner, provider and researcher to have grand design to be produced by government of Nepal, such that; there shall be minimal rate of casualties of deceased children due to accidents. Methods: This study is descriptive cross sectional study carried out in Parsa district of Nepal where the respondents were mother to assess their awareness of cause of childhood accidents and its prevention. Computer software SPSS is use to scrupulous analysis of study where the chi-square test is used with 95% level of confidence (p=0.05). Results: Poisoning 96% cases is the cause of childhood accident unintentionally, followed by 94% foreign body aspiration, 85% flame burn. Unsupervised children are more prone to injury than supervised children. Finally and foremost the crucial correlation of parents level of awareness with childhood are as follows; inadequate level of knowledge have higher percentage of accident (58%), followed by moderately adequate (32%) and adequate (10%). Conclusions: This study though done on small scale on small part of Parsa district can play key role to the policy to have vigilantive and supervision power to see the loopholes that need to be detected and dealing in curative manner. Keywords: accident ; childhood ; injuries ;Nepal.