Moth (Insecta: Lepidoptera) fauna of Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, India

Survey to assess moth diversity was carried out in Sariska Tiger Reserve of Rajasthan in 2019 from June to November. Total 16 species were recorded under 15 genera, belonging to 5 families for the first time from Sariska Tiger Reserve. Of these, 12 species viz. Eudocima materna Linnaeus, 1767; Eudocima phalonia Linnaeus, 1763; Dysgonia stuposa (Fabricius, 1794); Euproctis divisia Walker, 1855; Achaea janata Linnaeus, 1758; Acherontia styx Westwood, 1847; Daphnis nerii Linnaeus, 1758; Hippotion rosetta (Swinhoe, 1892); Agrius convolvuli Linnaeus, 1758; Nephele hespera Fabricius, 1775; Theretra oldenlandiae (Fabricius, 1775); Caligula lindia Moore, 1865 were first time reports from the state. Moth species were collected with the help of a light sheet system operated every night from 9:00 pm to 2:00 am. Ethyl acetate fumes were used to kill collected speciemens and processed as per standard strategies in Lepidopterology. The identification of moths was carried out with the help of identification keys, standard reference keys. Family Erebidae and Sphingidae are represented by six species each, followed by Saturniidae represented by two species, Noctuidae and Crambidae represented by one species each. This study will improve our understanding of Sariska’s biodiversity and be used to develop strategies for the conservation of moth diversity.

Arthropod pests and their management, natural enemies and flora visitors associated with castor (Ricinus communis), a biofuel plant: a review

Interest in bioenergetic crops, such as the castor oil plant Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae), for production of biodiesel has increased in recent years. In this paper, phytophagous arthropods, their natural enemies and floral visitors associated with this plant in the world are reviewed. Despite its insecticidal properties, arthropods have been reported feeding on R. communis plants. The arthropod pests of R. communis damage all parts of the plant, including the seeds, where some toxic compounds are even more concentrated. In the scientific databases, we found reports of 193 arthropods associated to R. communis in different parts of the world. This information obtained in the scientific databases was concentrated in a database and analyzed according to the coevolutive hypothesis, which allows us to predict that the greatest wealth and abundance of phytogenic arthropods is found in the center of origin by R. communis. According to this review, Achaea janata, Spodoptera litura, Edwardsiana flavescens, Liriomyza trifolii, L. sativae, Spilosoma obliqua, Cogenethes punctiferalis, Oxyrhachis taranda, and Helicoverpa armigera are the most devastating pests in Asia. In Africa, Agrotis ipsilon, S. exigua, Nezara viridula, Trialeurodes ricini, and Tetranychus urticae were mentioned as the most important. In Central and South-America, Phyllophaga sp., Agrietes sp., Erinnyis ello, N. viridula, Corythucha gossypii, Falconia antioquiana, and S. marima are reported as pests of economic importance. The most commonly reported natural enemies of some of these arthropod pests were species of Bacillus thuringiensis, B. cereus, B. popilliae, Trichogramma achaeae, T. chilonis, T. minutum, T. australicum, T. dendrolimi, T. pretiosum, T. evanescens, Microplitis rufiventris, M. maculipennis, M. ophiusae, Telenomus remus, T. proditor, Stethorus siphonulus and S. histrio. Apis mellifera is recorded as the main insect pollinator of R. communis. Pest management methods used against the arthropod pests of R. communis include biological, ethological, mechanical, cultural, genetic, and chemical control.

PENGARUH MINYAK JARAK PAGAR (Jatropha curcas LINN.) TERHADAP MORTALITAS, BERAT PUPA, DAN PENELURAN HAMA JARAK KEPYAR

<p>ABSTRAK</p><p>Penelitian pengaruh minyak jarak pagar (Jatropha curcas L.)terhadap mortalitas, berat pupa dan peneluran larva Achaea janata belumpernah dilakukan di Indonesia. Berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukansebelumnya minyak jarak pagar mengandung phorbol ester yang dapatdigunakan sebagai biopestisida dan Achaea janata merupakan hama utamapada tanaman jarak kepyar. Penelitian ini telah dilaksanakan diLaboratorium Entomologi, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Tembakau dan SeratMalang pada bulan April - Juli 2009, menggunakan rancangan acakkelompok dengan 4 perlakuan konsentrasi minyak jarak pagar, satupembanding, satu kontrol air dan kontrol detergen, diulang tiga kali.Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui efek phorbol ester dalamminyak biji jarak pagar (MJP) untuk membunuh larva A. janata. Duaaksesi minyak biji jarak pagar yang diuji adalah: SP 67 asal SulawesiSelatan dan Jatim 45 asal Jawa Timur. Pengamatan meliputi jumlahmortalitas larva, berat prepupa, pupa, jumlah telur, dan telur tetas. Hasilpenelitian menunjukkan bahwa aksesi SP 67 yang memiliki kandunganphorbol ester 9,49 µg/ml dengan konsentrasi 5 ml minyak biji jarak pagar(J. curcas) + 1 g detergen/liter air cukup efektif dan mengakibatkanmortalitas larva A. janata 85,34%, LC 50 =2,33 ml/L, 72 jam setelahpenyemprotan. Jumlah telur 362 butir dan telur tetas 34,27%. Aksesi Jatim45 yang memiliki kandungan phorbol ester 4,39 µg/ml dengan konsentrasi10 ml minyak biji jarak pagar (J. curcas) + 1 g detergen/liter air cukupefektif dan mengakibatkan mortalitas larva A. janata 85,34%, LC 50 = 9,35ml/liter pada 72 jam setelah penyemprotan. Jumlah telur 487 butir dantelur tetas 34,75%. Kedua aksesi tersebut mengakibatkan mortalitas larvaA. janata dan efek lanjutan mengakibatkan cacat larva, prepupa, dan pupa,penurunan jumlah telur dan presentase telur tetas.</p><p>Kata kunci: Jatropha curcas L, phorbol ester, aksesi, minyak biji jarakpagar, mortalitas, larva, Achaea janata L.</p><p>ABSTRACT</p><p>Effects of Jatropha curcas Crude Oil (JCO) on Mortality,Weight of Pupae, and Fertility of Achaea janata</p><p>Study on the effects of JCO on mortality, weight of pupae, andfertility of Achaea janata has never been done in Indonesia. Based onanalysis, JCO contains phorbol ester which can be used as biopesticide.A. janata is a main pest on castor oil plants. This study was carried out atEntomology Laboratory of Indonesian Tobacco and Fiber Crops ResearchInstitute (ITOFCRI) in Malang from April through July 2009. Theexperiment was arranged using randomized block design with 7 treatmentsand 3 replicates. The objective of the research was to find out the ability ofJCO to kill larvae of A. janata and its effect on pupae weight and fertility.This experiment tested two physic nut accessions : SP 67 (originated fromSouth Sulawesi) and Jatim 45 (from East Java). Observations included thenumber of larvae mortality, weights of prepupae and pupae, number ofeggs, and percentage of hatches. Results showed that SP 67 accessioncontaining 9.49 µg phorbol ester/ml oil with concentration of 5 ml JCO +1 g detergent/l was fairly effective to kill larvae of A. janata (LC 50 = 2.33ml/l) after 72 hours of spraying. Pupae laid 362 eggs and only 34.27% ofthe eggs hatched. Jatim 45 accession containing 4.3 g/µg phorbol ester perml oil with concentration of 10 ml JCO + 1 g detergen/l was fairlyeffective to kill larvae of A. janata (LC 50 = 9.35 ml/l) after 72 hours ofspraying. Only 34.75 % of the 487 eggs hatched.</p><p>Key words: Jatropha curcas L., phorbol ester, accessions, JCO,mortalily, larvae, Achaea janata L.</p>

PATOGENISITAS Achaea janata GRANULOSIS VIRUS (AjGV) TERHADAP ULAT PEMAKAN DAUN TANAMAN JARAK KEPYAR

<p>ABSTRAK<br />Achaea janata L. adalah hama penting tanaman jarak kepyar<br />(Ricinus communis) yang hingga kini pengendaliannya masih<br />menggunakan insektisida kimia secara intensif. Selain tidak efisien,<br />insektisida kimia juga menimbulkan pencemaran lingkungan. Untuk<br />mengatasi masalah tersebut, maka perlu cara pengendalian alternatif yang<br />selain efektif dan efisien, juga ramah lingkungan, seperti virus yang<br />diisolasi dari ulat A. janata (A. janata Granulosis Virus/AjGV). Penelitian<br />patogenisitas AjGV pada A. janata dilakukan di Laboratorium Patologi<br />Serangga Balai Penelitian Tanaman Pemanis dan Serat (Balittas) mulai<br />Januari - Desember 2012. Perlakuan terdiri atas enam konsentrasi AjGV,<br />yaitu 10 3 , 10 4 , 10 5 , 10 6 , 10 7 , 10 8 occlusion bodies (OB), dan satu kontrol.<br />Perlakuan disusun dalam Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan empat kali<br />ulangan. Ulat A. janata yang digunakan adalah instar II, III, IV, dan V<br />masing-masing 90 ekor/perlakuan. Parameter yang diamati adalah<br />mortalitas dan bobot ulat, konsentrasi untuk membunuh 50% ulat (LC 50 ),<br />dan waktu untuk membunuh 50% ulat (LT 50 ). Hasil penelitian<br />menunjukkan bahwa AjGV patogenik terhadap A. janata, terutama ulat<br />instar II dan III dengan mortalitas berturut-turut 90 dan 86,7%. LC 50 AjGV<br />pada ulat instar II dan III masing-masing mencapai 1,0 x 10 3 dan 1,2 x 10 3<br />OB/ml, dengan LT 50 kedua instar sekitar 3,4-4,2 hari. Pengaruh infeksi<br />AjGV pada ulat A. janata efektif menurunkan bobot ulat hidup 57,9 dan<br />57,4% masing-masing pada ulat instar II dan III. Hasil penelitian ini<br />mengindikasikan bahwa sasaran yang tepat untuk pengendalian ulat A.<br />janata dengan AjGV di lapangan adalah pada saat instar II dan III.<br />Kata kunci: Achaea janata L, patogenisitas, instar, mortalitas</p><p>ABSTRACT<br />Achaea janata L. is an important insect pest of castor plant (Ricinus<br />communis L.) that was intensively controlled by chemical insecticide<br />caused inefficiency and an environmental polution. To solve the problems<br />it needs an effective, efficient and environmental friendly of alternative<br />control, especially using Granulosis Virus isolated from A. janata larvae<br />(AjGV). Study on pathogenicity of A. janata virus isolate against castor<br />leaf-eater, A. janata L. was conducted at Insect Pathology Laboratory of<br />Indonesia Sweetener and Fibre Crops Research Institute in Malang from<br />January to December 2012. The objective of study is to test the<br />pathogenicity of AjGV against A. janata larvae. Treatment consists of six<br />concentrations of AjGV, viz. 10 3 , 10 4 , 10 5 , 10 6 , 10 7 , 10 8 OBs/ml and one<br />control. Four instars of larvae, e.g. second, third, fourth, and fifth were<br />used in this study. Each treatments was arranged in Randomized Block<br />Design with four replications. Parameter recorded were mortality and<br />weight of larvae, LC 50 , and LT 50 . Result showed that AjGV was pathogenic<br />to A. janata larvae, mainly on second and third instar in resulting of 90%<br />and 86.7% of mortality, respectively. The LC 50 of AjGV on the second and<br />third instar was 1.0 x 10 3 and 1.2 x 10 3 OB/ml, respectively and the LT 50<br />was 3.4 and 4.2 days, respectively. Infection of A. janata virus reduced<br />the weight of both instar up to 57.9% and 57.4%, respectively. This result<br />indicated that the second and third was the suitable instars of A. janata<br />larvae for better control of AjGV in field.<br />Key word: Achaea janata L, pathogenicity, instar, mortality</p>

Midgut aminopeptidase N expression profile in Castor semilooper during sublethal Cry toxin exposure

Midgut of lepidopteran larvae is a multifunctional tissue, which performs roles in digestion, absorption, immunity; transmission of pathogens and interaction with ingested various molecules. The proteins localized at the inner apical brush border membrane are primarily digestive proteases but some of them like aminopeptidase N, alkaline phosphatase, cadherins, ABC transporter C2 etc. interact with Crystal (Cry) toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). In the present study aminopeptidase N (APN) was characterized as Cry toxin interacting protein in larval midgut of castor semilooper, Achaea janata. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses revealed the presence of multiple isoforms of APNs (APN1, 2, 4, 6 and 9) which have less than 40% sequence similarity but show the presence of characteristic “GAMENEG” and zinc-binding motifs. Feeding of sublethal dose of Cry toxin caused differential expression of various APN isoform. Further, 6th generation Cry toxin exposed larvae showed reduced expression of APN2. This report suggests that A. janata larvae exploit altered expression of APNs to overcome the deleterious effects of Cry toxicity, which might facilitate toxin tolerance in long run.