Biological Control and Insect Pathology

Agro-forestry intensification is one of the main drivers of the global biodiversity crisis and decline in arthropods and particularly insects [...]

VIABILITAS DAN EFEKTIVITAS FORMULA NEMATODA Steinernema sp. TERHADAP HAMA PENGGEREK BUAH KAPAS Helicoverpa armigera HUBNER

<p>ABSTRAK<br />Entomopatogen dari genus Steinernema berpotensi digunakan<br />sebagai pengendali berbagai serangga hama, terutama ordo Lepidoptera,<br />seperti Helicoverpa armigera. Penggunaan Steinernema untuk<br />pengendalian H. armigera akan menguntungkan karena aman terhadap<br />lingkungan, mudah diproduksi massal, toleran terhadap berbagai macam<br />pestisida, dapat aktif mencari serangga sasaran, tidak menyebabkan<br />resisten dan resurjensi, serta dapat diaplikasikan dengan alat semprot<br />standar. Namun, formula pestisida hayati mengandung Steinernema masih<br />sangat terbatas. Tujuan penelitian adalah membuat formula Steinernema<br />sp. yang efektif terhadap hama penggerek buah kapas (H. armigera).<br />Penelitian dilaksanakan di laboratorium Patologi Serangga, Balai<br />Penelitian Tanaman Pemanis dan Serat, Malang mulai bulan Mei-Juli<br />2010. Larva instar III Steinernema sp. dibuat dalam 6 macam formula<br />perlakuan dengan bahan pembawa (carrier) berbeda-beda, yaitu (1)<br />suspensi (akuades + sukrosa), (2) pellet-2 (sekam padi), (3) pellet-1<br />(tanah liat + arang), (4) agar + spon, (5) kapsul (Ca-alginat), dan (6)<br />kontrol (akuades). Setiap formula diinokulasikan 10 6 juvenil infektif (JI).<br />Masing-masing perlakuan disusun dalam rancangan acak lengkap (RAL)<br />dengan tiga kali ulangan. Penurunan jumlah juvenil infektif (JI) pada<br />setiap formula yang diamati per minggu selama ± 4 minggu. Isolat yang<br />digunakan untuk penelitian ini berasal dari Asembagus. Untuk<br />mengevaluasi efektivitas formula, larva H. armigera diperlakukan dengan<br />JI yang berasal dari masing-masing formula setiap minggu selama empat<br />minggu. Perlakuan ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan<br />empat ulangan. Jumlah penurunan JI setiap minggu selama empat minggu<br />setelah perlakuan. Persentase JI yang hidup pada pellet-1, suspensi, pellet-<br />2, agar + spon, kapsul, dan kontrol berturut-turut sebesar 53; 12,4; 44;<br />63,8; 17,6; dan 5%. Pada minggu pertama sampai minggu keempat setelah<br />perlakuan terlihat bahwa formula yang paling baik mempertahankan JI<br />adalah agar + spon dan kemudian berturut-turut diikuti oleh pellet-1,<br />pellet-2, kapsul, suspensi. Steinernema sp. yang disimpan selama empat<br />minggu dalam berbagai bentuk formula terhadap H. armigera berkisar<br />antara 80-99%. Formula agar dan spon paling baik untuk menyimpan<br />Steinernema sp. selama empat minggu, karena formula ini memberikan<br />tingkat viabilitas dan efektivitas Steinernema sp. paling tinggi.<br />Kata kunci : efektivitas, formula, Helicoverpa armigera, Steinernema sp.,<br />viabilitas</p><p>ABSTRACT<br />Entomopathogenic nematodes genus Steinernema for are potential<br />to be used as a control for various insect pests, especially ordo<br />Lepidoptera, such as Helicoverpa armigera. The use of Steinernema to<br />control H. armigera is beneficial because it is environmentally friendly,<br />easy to produce, tolerant to several pesticides, actively search the target<br />insect, does not cause resistance and resurgence, and can be applied by<br />using standard sprayer. Unfortunately, biological pesticide containing<br />Steinernema is still limited. The study was aimed at formulating a<br />biological agen containing Steinernema sp. to control the cotton bollworm<br />weevil (H. armigera). The experiment was conducted at insect pathology<br />laboratory, Indonesian Sweetener and Fiber Crops Research Institute,<br />Malang from May to July 2010. Steinernema sp. instar III larvae was<br />formulated in six different forms such as Pellet-1 (clay+carbon),<br />suspension (distilled water+sucrose), Pellet-2 (rice husk), agar+sponge,<br />capsule (Ca-alginate), and control (distilled water). Each formulation was<br />inoculated with 10 6 Infective Juvenile (IJ). Each treatment was arranged in<br />completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates. Each<br />formulation observed showed decrease in IJ number every week for + 4<br />weeks. Isolates used for this research were originated from Asembagus<br />experimental station. For evaluation of the formulation effectiveness, H.<br />armigera larvae was treated using IJ from the formula weekly for four<br />weeks. On the first week after treatment, the percentages of living IJ in<br />Pellet-1, suspension, Pellet-2, agar+sponge, capsule, and control were 53;<br />12.4; 44; 63.8; 17.6; and 5%, respectively. Effectiveness of Steinernema<br />sp. stored for four weeks in various formulations against H. armigera<br />ranged from 80-99%. The best formula of Steinernema sp for storage was<br />agar+sponge because of its ability to viability and effectiveness of<br />Steinernema sp.<br />Key words: effectiveness, formulation, Helicoverpa armigera, viability,<br />Steinernema sp.,</p>

PATOGENISITAS Achaea janata GRANULOSIS VIRUS (AjGV) TERHADAP ULAT PEMAKAN DAUN TANAMAN JARAK KEPYAR

<p>ABSTRAK<br />Achaea janata L. adalah hama penting tanaman jarak kepyar<br />(Ricinus communis) yang hingga kini pengendaliannya masih<br />menggunakan insektisida kimia secara intensif. Selain tidak efisien,<br />insektisida kimia juga menimbulkan pencemaran lingkungan. Untuk<br />mengatasi masalah tersebut, maka perlu cara pengendalian alternatif yang<br />selain efektif dan efisien, juga ramah lingkungan, seperti virus yang<br />diisolasi dari ulat A. janata (A. janata Granulosis Virus/AjGV). Penelitian<br />patogenisitas AjGV pada A. janata dilakukan di Laboratorium Patologi<br />Serangga Balai Penelitian Tanaman Pemanis dan Serat (Balittas) mulai<br />Januari - Desember 2012. Perlakuan terdiri atas enam konsentrasi AjGV,<br />yaitu 10 3 , 10 4 , 10 5 , 10 6 , 10 7 , 10 8 occlusion bodies (OB), dan satu kontrol.<br />Perlakuan disusun dalam Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan empat kali<br />ulangan. Ulat A. janata yang digunakan adalah instar II, III, IV, dan V<br />masing-masing 90 ekor/perlakuan. Parameter yang diamati adalah<br />mortalitas dan bobot ulat, konsentrasi untuk membunuh 50% ulat (LC 50 ),<br />dan waktu untuk membunuh 50% ulat (LT 50 ). Hasil penelitian<br />menunjukkan bahwa AjGV patogenik terhadap A. janata, terutama ulat<br />instar II dan III dengan mortalitas berturut-turut 90 dan 86,7%. LC 50 AjGV<br />pada ulat instar II dan III masing-masing mencapai 1,0 x 10 3 dan 1,2 x 10 3<br />OB/ml, dengan LT 50 kedua instar sekitar 3,4-4,2 hari. Pengaruh infeksi<br />AjGV pada ulat A. janata efektif menurunkan bobot ulat hidup 57,9 dan<br />57,4% masing-masing pada ulat instar II dan III. Hasil penelitian ini<br />mengindikasikan bahwa sasaran yang tepat untuk pengendalian ulat A.<br />janata dengan AjGV di lapangan adalah pada saat instar II dan III.<br />Kata kunci: Achaea janata L, patogenisitas, instar, mortalitas</p><p>ABSTRACT<br />Achaea janata L. is an important insect pest of castor plant (Ricinus<br />communis L.) that was intensively controlled by chemical insecticide<br />caused inefficiency and an environmental polution. To solve the problems<br />it needs an effective, efficient and environmental friendly of alternative<br />control, especially using Granulosis Virus isolated from A. janata larvae<br />(AjGV). Study on pathogenicity of A. janata virus isolate against castor<br />leaf-eater, A. janata L. was conducted at Insect Pathology Laboratory of<br />Indonesia Sweetener and Fibre Crops Research Institute in Malang from<br />January to December 2012. The objective of study is to test the<br />pathogenicity of AjGV against A. janata larvae. Treatment consists of six<br />concentrations of AjGV, viz. 10 3 , 10 4 , 10 5 , 10 6 , 10 7 , 10 8 OBs/ml and one<br />control. Four instars of larvae, e.g. second, third, fourth, and fifth were<br />used in this study. Each treatments was arranged in Randomized Block<br />Design with four replications. Parameter recorded were mortality and<br />weight of larvae, LC 50 , and LT 50 . Result showed that AjGV was pathogenic<br />to A. janata larvae, mainly on second and third instar in resulting of 90%<br />and 86.7% of mortality, respectively. The LC 50 of AjGV on the second and<br />third instar was 1.0 x 10 3 and 1.2 x 10 3 OB/ml, respectively and the LT 50<br />was 3.4 and 4.2 days, respectively. Infection of A. janata virus reduced<br />the weight of both instar up to 57.9% and 57.4%, respectively. This result<br />indicated that the second and third was the suitable instars of A. janata<br />larvae for better control of AjGV in field.<br />Key word: Achaea janata L, pathogenicity, instar, mortality</p>

Towards a coordination of European activities to diagnose and manage insect diseases in production facilities

The rapid increase in insect production for food and feed both in Europe and elsewhere in the world has led to a need for a coordinated action to assist producers in the diagnosis and management of insect diseases in production stock. Diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and other insect pathogens can be detrimental for reared insects and may cause significant economic loss to producers. Here, we suggest how academia, commercial companies and other insect producers can jointly develop best practice for diagnosing insect diseases early and thereby manage such diseases efficiently. First, we analyse different ways of transmission of insect diseases in closed and semi-closed production facilities. Thereafter we describe four recent cases where companies have requested advice about insect pathogens in their insect stock namely: with giant mealworm Zophobas morio, yellow mealworm Tenebrio molitor, house cricket Acheta domesticus, and with lesser mealworm Alphitobius diaperinus. Our experience dealing with these cases gave us insight to suggest how we should coordinate European activities to establish a service to diagnose and provide advice, and how different European laboratories specialised in insect pathology should collaborate. An important issue will be to educate a new generation of insect pathologists, who with a combination of classical insect pathology methods and the most modern tools can become professionals in diagnosing and managing the various types of insect pathogens.

PENGGUNAAN CENDAWAN ENTOMOPATOGEN Beauveria bassiana (BALSAMO) VUILLEMIN DAN Lecanicillium lecanii (ZIMM) ZARE & GAMS UNTUK MENGENDALIKAN Helopeltis antonii SIGN (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE) The Use of Entomopathogenic Fungi Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo)Vuillemin

Helopeltis sp. has been known as one of major pests on tea, cacao and cashew plantation. Recently, genus Helopeltis is also reported attack Acacia plantation in Sumatra and Kalimantan. For such extensive plantation, low cost biocontrol agents like entomopathogenic fungi are choosen because of the simplicity for mass production. The objective of this study was to measure the effectiveness of Beauveria bassiana and Lecanicillium lecanii against Helopeltis sp. Both fungi that were used in this study were obtained from IPB Insect Pathology Laboratory. The tested insect, Helopeltis sp. was collected from Gunung Mas tea plantation. The insects were reared in laboratory. Four level of conidial density, 109, 108, 107, 106 conidia/ mL were applied to Helopeltis adult (B. bassiana) and 3rdinstar nymph (L. lecanii). Daily mortality was observed until seven days post treatment. The result showed that L. lecanii at 106 conidia/mL caused 96.25% mortality of 3rd instar nymph of Helopeltis sp. with the LC50 value at two days observation was 1.03 x 106 conidia/ mL, LT50 was 1.198 days and LT95 was 5.25 days. On the other hand, B. bassiana at 106 conidia/ mL caused 81.25%. mortality of adult Helopeltis sp. while 100% mortality could be attained by using 108 conidia/ mL. The LC50 of B. bassiana was 3.2 x 104 conidia/ mL, at four days observation and LT50 was 4.214 days. The two fungi were thus judged effective against Helopeltis sp. in this bio assay.Key words: Beauveria bassiana, conidia, density, Helopeltis sp., Lecanicillium lecanii, mortality.

The use of fungal entomopathogens as endophytes in biological control: a review

Fungal entomopathogens have been proposed as environmentally friendly alternatives to chemical control. Unfortunately, their effectiveness continues to be limited by their susceptibility to ultraviolet (UV) light and low moisture. A relatively recent development, the use of fungal entomopathogens as endophytes, might overcome the traditional obstacles impeding the widespread adoption of fungal entomopathogens and also provide a novel alternative for management of insect pests and plant pathogens. In addition, some fungal entomopathogens could also function as biofertilizers. Eighty-five papers covering 109 individual fungal entomopathogen studies involving 12 species in six genera are reviewed. Thirty-eight plant species in 19 families were studied, with maize, common bean, and tomato being the most investigated. Of the 85 papers, 39 (46%) examined the effects of fungal entomopathogen endophytism on 33 insect species in 17 families and eight orders. Thirty-four (40%) examined plant response to endophytism, corresponding to 20 plant species. Various inoculation techniques (e.g., foliar sprays, soil drenching, seed soaking, injections, etc.) are effective in introducing fungal entomopathogens as endophytes, but colonization appears to be localized and ephemeral. The field of insect pathology will not substantially profit from dozens of additional studies attempting to introduce fungal entomopathogens into a wider array of plants, without attempting to understand the mechanisms underlying endophytism, the responses of the plant to such endophytism, and the consequent responses of insect pests and plant pathogens. This review presents several areas that should receive focused attention to increase the probability of success for making this technology an effective alternative to chemical control.

Pengaruh Komposisi Media Terhadap Produksi Konidia Jamur Entomopatogen Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin

<p>Penelitian pengaruh komposisisi media dan suhu terhadap produksi konidia Beauveria bassiana dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Patologi Serangga Balai Penelitian Tanaman Tembakau dan Serat, Malang mulai Mei sampai dengan November 2009. Tujuannya adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh perbedaan komposisi media terha-dap produksi konidia B. bassiana. Perlakuan yang digunakan adalah: (1) beras, (2) jagung, (3) beras+glu-kosa, (4) beras+yeast, (5) jagung+glukosa, dan (6) jagung+yeast. Setiap perlakuan disusun dalam rancang-an acak lengkap (RAL) dengan enam kali ulangan. Parameter yang diamati adalah laju pertumbuhan dan produksi konidia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa beras dan jagung berpotensi menjadi media tumbuh yang baik bagi jamur B. bassiana. Proses pembentukan konidia sudah dimulai pada 3 minggu setelah inoku-lasi, lebih cepat dibanding pada media jagung (4,5 minggu). Penambahan yeast lebih nyata meningkatkan produksi konidia B. bassiana pada beras maupun jagung dibanding dengan penambahan glukosa. Rata-rata produksi konidia pada komposisi media beras+yeast dapat mencapai &gt; 4,0 x 109 konidia/g media dan lebih tinggi dibanding produksi konidia pada media lainnya (&lt; 3,0 x 109 konidia/g media).</p><p> </p><p>Study on the effects of solid medium composition and temperature on conidia production of B. bassiana was conducted at Insect Pathology Laboratory of Indonesian Tobacco and Fiber Crops Institute (IToFCRI), Malang from May to November 2009. The objective of the study was to find out the effects of different me-dium composition. Treatments used were (1) whole rice, (2) broken maize, (3) whole rice+glucose, (4) whole rice+yeast, (5) broken maize+glucose, and (6) broken maize+yeast. Each treatment was arranged in randomized complete design (RCD) with six replications. Parameters observed were growth rate and conidial production of B. bassiana at room temperature. Results showed that whole rice and broken maize could be used as solid medium for B. bassiana. Conidia production was faster on most of medium based on whole rice than that on broken maize. On whole rice medium conidia of B. bassiana were produced about 10 days earlier than that on broken maize. Yeast and glucose addition into medium was able to speed up the fungi growth and to increase conidia production. Addition of yeast potentialy increased conidia production com-pared with other medium with glucose addition. Average production of conidia on whole rice+yeast was more than 4,0 x 109 conidia/g medium compared with any other medium composition that produced less than 3,0 x 109 conidia/g medium.</p>

Canadian contributions to forest insect pathology and to the use of pathogens in forest pest management

The study of insect pathogens became established as a distinct discipline in the late 1940s. In the ~65 years that followed, forest pest management was the main theatre for the development and practice of insect pathology in Canada. Researchers from the federal government and academic institutions contributed to the growing discipline by acquiring foundational knowledge on taxonomy, mode of action, natural occurrence, and ecological role of key pathogens infecting forest pest insects, covering an array of fungi, Microsporidia, viruses, and bacteria. The ultimate goal was to develop pathogen-based alternatives to synthetic insecticides used in large-scale forest protection programmes throughout eastern Canada. That goal was achieved through the development of baculovirus-based products for control of gypsy moths (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), tussock moths (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), and various sawfly (Hymenoptera) species, which are now in the hands of private industry and poised for growing operational use. The second success was the development of products based onBacillus thuringiensisBerliner (Bacillaceae), which have almost entirely replaced synthetic insecticides in forest protection. We review those successes and other key Canadian contributions to forest insect pathology within the context of emerging digital, molecular, and other technologies, and show how they have altered today’s face of forest pest management in Canada.