Modulation of Insulin Gene Expression with CRISPR/Cas9-based Transcription Factors

Background: The discovery and use of CRISPR/Cas9 technology have enabled researchers throughout the globe to continuously edit genomes for the benefit of science and medicine. Diabetes type I is one field of medicine where CRISPR/Cas9 has a strong potential for cell therapy development. The long-lasting paucity of healthy cells for clinical transplantation into diabetic patients has led to the search of new methods for producing β-cells from other human cell types. Embryonic stem cells are being studied worldwide as one most promising solution of this need. Aim: The aim of the study is to to check the feasibility of modulating human insulin transcription using CRISPR/Cas9-based synthetic transcription regulation factors. Results: A new approach for creating potential therapeutic donor cells with enhanced and suppressed insulin production based on one of the latest achievements of human genome editing was developed. Both synthetic transcription activator (VP64) and transcription repressor (KRAB) proteins were shown to function adequately well as a part of the whole CRISPR/Cas9-based system. We claim that our results have a lot to offer and can bring light to many studies where numerous labs are struggling on to treat this disease.

Fasa Registry on Diabetes Mellitus (FaRD): Feasibility Study and Pilot Phase Results

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common chronic disease. This disease is the main risk factor for fatal diseases such as myocardial infarction and stroke. As there is no cure for DM, an effective strategy must control it. Every attempt to control DM and patients’ outcomes require a surveillance system to consider the efficacy and safety measures. Fasa Registry on Diabetes mellitus (FaRD) is the first population-based registry for DM in Iran, which aims to provide an accurate description of social, mental health, clinical, and laboratory values of patients in order to consider the management patterns of these patients and discover the degree of adherence to the recommendations. Materials and Methods: The level of plasma glucose characterizes the diagnosis of diabetes (Type I and II). The pregnant women were excluded from this study. Three registrar nurses collected data from demographics, physical exams, past medical history, medication history, and laboratory findings. Results: The pilot phase included the first 381 patients, of which 257 (67.5%) were women, and 124 (32.5%) were men with a mean age of 57.54 ± 12.12 years among subjects, the 347 (94.5%) cases had DM type 2, and 20 (5.4%) ones had type 1. Conclusion: Based on our results, the characteristics of patients suffering from DM indicated that the jobless ones could not afford their medical expenditures; therefore, the majority of the patients were not adherent to the practice guidelines. The achievement of FaRD helps physicians and patients in improved management of the DM. The findings of this pilot study show the FaRD is feasible, and it will make a comprehensive population-based registry for DM in the region. [GMJ.2021;10:e2137]

Fasa Registry on Diabetes mellitus (FaRD): Feasibility Study and Pilot Phase Results

BackgroundDiabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common chronic diseases. This disease is the main risk factor of fetal diseases such as myocardial infarction and stroke. There is no cure for DM, and an effective strategy must control it. Every attempt to control DM and patient outcomes require a surveillance system to consider the efficacy and safety measures. Fasa Registry on Diabetes mellitus (FaRD) is the first population-based registry for DM in Iran targeted to provide a meticulous description of social, mental health, clinical, and laboratory values of patients, to consider the management patterns of these patients, to discover the degree of adherence to the recommendations.Methodsthe diagnosis of diabetes (Type I and II) characterized by the level of plasma glucose. The pregnant women were excluded. Three registrar nurses collected data on demographics, physical exams, past medical history, medication history, and laboratory findings. Resultsthe pilot phase included the first 381 patients, 257 (67.5%) were women, and 124 (32.5%) were men. With a mean age of 57.54 ± 12.12years among subjects, the 347 (94.5%) of them had DM type 2, and 20 (5.4%) of them had type 1. ConclusionBased on our results, the characteristics of patients suffering DM do not afford their medical cost, so the majority of them were not adherence to the practice guidelines.The achievement of FaRD helps physicians and patients to better controlling the DM.The finding of this pilot study shows the FaRD is feasible, and it will make a comprehensive population-based registry for DM in the region.

INFLUENCE OF PINEALON ON EXPRESSION OF GENES OF PRO- AND ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES AND FREE RADICAL PROCESSES IN RATS IN THE MODEL OF SUGAR DIABETES

The article presents an analysis of the effect of pinealon on free radical processes and the level of expression of the SOD1, GPX4 and GSR genes in the rat hippocampus in a model of streptozotocininduced diabetes (type I diabetes mellitus). It has been established that when modeling diabetes in the hippocampus, intensification of radically radical processes is observed: the level of prooxidants increases, the level of antioxidants decreases, as well as the level of expression of antioxidant genes. With the introduction of pinealone in dosages of 50 or 100 ng/kg in the model of diabetes mellitus, the pro-antioxidant balance shifts towards a decrease in the production of free radicals and an increase in antioxidant protection. Pinealon at a dosage of 100 ng/kg is more effective.

Management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Patients with Diabetes Type I

Background: DKA is the leading cause of mortality among pediatric age and young adults with T1D, responsible for almost 50% of all fatalities in diabetic patients younger than 24 years of age. Goals of DKA management include optimization of volume status, hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis, electrolyte abnormalities, and potential precipitating factors. Methodology: we conducted this review using a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, PubMed, and EMBASE, January 1987, through February 2017. The following search terms were used: ketoacidosis, management of diabetic ketoacidosis, type I diabetic patients’ emergency complication, fluid replacement in DKA, insulin therapy approach. Aim: in this review, we aim at evaluating the various ways of approaching patients who suffer from type-one diabetes during ketoacidosis and keto-acidotic coma. We will try to understand the triggers and pathophysiology behind this condition, and explore ways to prevent them. Conclusion: prompt diagnoses, aggressive treatment, and education of patient and their care providers about prevention strategies must be implemented. Also, more studies are required in the area of preventing health complications due to these types of diseases to effectively manage DKA in the future.

Management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Patients with Diabetes Type I

Background: DKA is the leading cause of mortality among pediatric age and young adults with T1D, responsible for almost 50% of all fatalities in diabetic patients younger than 24 years of age. Goals of DKA management include optimization of volume status, hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis, electrolyte abnormalities, and potential precipitating factors. Methodology: we conducted this review using a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, PubMed, and EMBASE, January 1987, through February 2017. The following search terms were used: ketoacidosis, management of diabetic ketoacidosis, type I diabetic patients’ emergency complication, fluid replacement in DKA, insulin therapy approach. Aim: in this review, we aim at evaluating the various ways of approaching patients who suffer from type-one diabetes during ketoacidosis and keto-acidotic coma. We will try to understand the triggers and pathophysiology behind this condition, and explore ways to prevent them. Conclusion: prompt diagnoses, aggressive treatment, and education of patient and their care providers about prevention strategies must be implemented. Also, more studies are required in the area of preventing health complications due to these types of diseases to effectively manage DKA in the future.

Dysmetabolic neuropathy in children with diabetes type I

Neuropathy is the most frequent symptomatic complication of diabetes. Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) is the most common variety of neuropathy, which represents chronic symmetrical sensorimotor polyneuropathy. (DPN) typically begins as a generalized asymptomatic dysfunction of peripheral nerve fibers, which may be revealed by electromyography. However, nerve conduction study (NCS) is a sensitive method for early detecting of peripheral neuropathy. We have performed NCS in 69 children with poorly compensated diabetes type I aged 7-18 y. Study protocol included testing of peripheral motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities (NCVs) and compound motor and sensory nerve action potential amplitudes. We revealed subclinical abnormalities, which were symmetric, suggestive of DPN and reflecting disorders of predominantly motor, rather than sensory nerves. In addition, nerve conduction abnormalities were correlated with high HbA1c level, patient age and disease (diabetes) duration. Poor metabolic control was the most important contributor to abnormal electrophysiological parameters.

Multi-collector ICP-mass spectrometry reveals changes in the serum Mg isotopic composition in diabetes type I patients

Serum Mg shows a lighter isotopic composition in diabetes type-1 patients than in an age- and gender-matched reference population.