METODE DEMONSTRASI (BURHAN) DALAM FILSAFAT ISLAM

This paper aims to analyze Islamic philosophy's demonstration (burha>n). Demonstration (burha>n) is the method of all schools of Islamic philosophy from Peripatetic, Illumination to Wisdom Muta'aliyah. Without demonstration (burha>n), philosophy is no more extended philosophy and turns to the debate of theologians. The consistent peripatetic Islamic philosophy maintains this method of discovering (context of discovery) the propositions discussed in Islamic philosophy. Illumination philosophy then adds an intuitive approach. The Muta'aliyah Hikmah school also added another source: the Koran and witnessing (kasyaf). The purpose of the study is to describe the function of Burhan to epistemology and spirituality by using the general hermeneutic to the primary and secondary literature of Islamic philosophy books, especially the corpus of the Hikmah Muta'aliyah and neo peripatetic schools. The research framework is the position of reason, and the laws of thought are called logic, and the purpose of logic is an argument; analogy, syllogism, and induction. burha>n is a particular syllogism. The conclusion of the demonstration (burha>n) contains three layers of structure; foundations, problems, and subjects, and requires a foundation developed from various sciences.

EPISTEMOLOGI TASAWUF; DARI CONTEXT OF DISCOVERY KE CONTEXT OF JUSTIFICATION

Dari keseluruhan model ilmu keislaman, tasawuf adalah yang paling luas jangkauan epistemologi dan sekaligus yang paling kontroversi. Keluasan tersebut karena tasawuf mencakup aspek jahir dan aspek batin kehidupan manusia. Bahwa tasawuf juga mengidentifikasi jenis keilmuan yang tidak didapat dari olah fikir atau proses transfer, tetapi melalui olah batin (tazkiat nafs), riyadhah dan mujahadah. Dengan metode diskursus-analisis atas literatur-literatur kesufian, disini ditelaah, model-model epistemologi yang terdapat dalam tasawuf. Hasilnya bahwa tasawuf memiliki keragaman epistemologi, baik dari aspek discovery (jalan suluk), discourse (kontemplatif-filosofis) hingga justification (analisis-filosofis-teologis). Kesemua model epistemologi ini merupakan kesatuan utuh yang membuat tasawuf semakin diminati oleh orang-orang dari berbagai latar dan orientasi.

Early medieval large glass beads from Poland: utilitarian and social functions

The study focuses on the early medieval large glass beads from the area of Poland, i.e. specimens whose diameter equals at least 1.5 cm but usually ca. 2 cm or more. The main aim of this study is to define their function, considering precise context of discovery of particular specimens, metric data and microscopic analyses. Another important task of the study is to determine whether large beads were local products or imports, and from which region and in what social circumstances they reached the studied area. Alongside macroscopic and stylistic features, chemical composition of glass that was used for production of the beads can be conclusive in this situation. In our opinion, it is a special category of finds that appeared in this part of Europe during the time of cultural and political transformation in the 11th–13th centuries.

Making Sense of the Relationship Between Adaptive Thinking and Heuristics in Evolutionary Psychology

In recent years, quite a few evolutionary psychologists have come to embrace a heuristic interpretation of the discipline. They claim that, no matter how methodologically incomplete, adaptive thinking works fine as a good heuristic that effectively reduces the hypothesis space by generating novel and promising hypotheses that can eventually be empirically tested. The purpose of this article is to elucidate the use of heuristics in evolutionary psychology, thereby clarifying the role adaptive thinking has to play. To that end, two typical heuristic interpretations—Machery’s "bootstrap strategy" and Goldfinch’s heuristically streamlined evolutionary psychology—are examined, focusing on the relationship between adaptive thinking and heuristics. The article draws two primary conclusions. The first is that the reliability of the heuristic hypothesis generation procedure (in the context of discovery) should count no less than the conclusiveness of the final testing procedure (in the context of justification) in establishing scientific facts; nature does not always get the last word. Philosophy also counts. The second is that adaptive thinking constitutes a core heuristic in evolutionary psychology that provides the discipline with its raison d'être, but this is only possible when adaptive thinking is substantiated with sufficient historical underpinnings.

Knowing by Imagining1

This chapter explains the cognitive role of the imagination as a means to knowledge, permitting the offline use of cognitive faculties in both mental and non-mental simulation to assess counterfactual conditionals, in an analogue of online updating and prediction on the basis of new information. Other modal claims can be assessed similarly. This role involves the context of justification as well as the context of discovery. It substantiates the examples in Chapter 10, where imagination is treated as a means to knowledge. An analogy is sketched between the development of hypotheses in the imagination and the tableau method in deductive logic, which casts light on our ability to imagine an F when there is no F that we are imagining. It is suggested that such an overall cognitive role for the imagination makes sense on evolutionary grounds, including the distinction between voluntary and involuntary uses of the imagination.

Open Awareness Inquiry. Introducing Applied Open Awareness as an Inquiry Method for Researchers to Engage the Transformative Dimensions of Consciousness

This article introduces Open Awareness Inquiry – a participatory process that may aid qualitative researchers in the context of exploring the transpersonal and transformative dimensions of consciousness. Researchers will gain insight into the theory and application of Open Awareness (OA) Inquiry as a potential resource in qualitative research. Characteristics of OA include rapport and mutual resonance (Bandler & Grinder, 1976; Siegel, 2013), a participatory perspective (Ferrer & Sherman, 2011), mindfulness (Siegel 2010), empathy (Watson, 2004), and a state of conscious awareness that moves individuals and groups away from a fixated tunnel awareness, to a state of openness, receptivity and equanimity (Dangeli & Geldenhuys, 2018). These characteristics indicate that OA may be beneficial in all three stages of research, as described by Anderson and Braud (2011). The authors encourage optimising a “context of discovery” in these stages of the research (2011, p. 189). By virtue of its inherent characteristics, OA promotes such a context of discovery. KEYWORDS Awareness, mind, consciousness, skills, potential, aperture

Una valva da fusione di età altomedievale dal territorio altinate

The article presents a mould cast from the Early Middle Ages preserved in the Museo Archeologico Nazionale of Altino (VE). The artifact was used for the production of three-hoops earrings (‘Pinguente type’), rings and, perhaps, front closures of basket-earrings. Although it doesn’t have a context of discovery, it probably originates from the Altino area. The valve can be dated witihin the seventh century, although a slightly wider chronology cannot be excluded. It belongs to a group of rather rare archaeological finds that were used in early medieval metallurgical processes.