Deputy corps of district soviets of Leningrad during the Great Patriotic War: staff composition and activity

The object of this research is the deputy corps of district soviets of Leningrad, while the subject is the quantitative and qualitative changes in its staff composition and activity of the deputies during the Great Patriotic War. Despite the fact that during the wartime, the responsibilities of local self-government were taken on by the executive committees of district soviets, the examination of everyday activity of the deputies is important for understanding the situation in the besieged society. The study relies on the record keeping and statistical materials from the funds of St. Petersburg State Central Archive, many of which have not been previously introduced to the scientific discourse; as well as published sources. For the first time in historiography, analysis is conducted on the staff composition of the deputy corps of district soviets and its changes during the wartime using the quantitative methods. It is established that majority of the deputies had poor economic and administrative experience, as they worked at production sites. After evacuation, conscription into the Red Army, work transfer to other regions, population losses, the number of people’s deputies has decreased by more than 2/3 by the end of the war. However, due to the shortage of qualified personnel, the process of nominating them for the senior positions in the executive branch ramped up. Using the historical-comparative and historical-chronological methods, the author determines the stages in the work of district soviets depending on the flip of events in the city: prior to the winter of 1941, the deputies took active part in the economic and political campaigns; in December 1941 – April 1942, their work virtually ceased; later, their main activity lied in single assignments of the district executive committees. The standing committees, in practice were mostly nominal.

Work, stress, and well-being of healthcare and human service professionals during outbreak of COVID-19

Objective: This study explored the level of occupational stress experienced by healthcare and human service professionals during COVID-19 pandemic and assessed if their personal characteristics, occupational stressors, job satisfaction, and their satisfaction with diversity of staff composition, salary, and compensation influenced their perceived stress, and their physical and psychological well-being.Methods: A total of 227 healthcare and human service professionals participated in an online survey from March to August 2020. Participants provided background and job-related information and completed several measures to explore their perceived stress, job experiences, occupational stressors, as well as their physical and psychological problems. Bivariate analyses were used to assess the relationships between perceived stress, occupational stressors, satisfaction with job salary and compensation, satisfaction with diversity of staff composition, overall job satisfaction, and physical and psychological problems. Stepwise multiple regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of perceived stress and physical and psychological problems.Results: The study found a significant correlation between level of job satisfaction, satisfaction with diversity of staff composition, and satisfaction with job salary and compensation. Perceived stress was related positively with occupational stressors and physical and psychological problems, but negatively with overall job satisfaction, satisfaction with diversity of staff composition, and satisfaction with job salary and compensation. The findings found occupational stressors and being younger as significant predicators of perceived stress. Occupational stressors and female gender were significant predicators of experience of physical and psychological problems.Conclusions: This study provides understanding on critical factors that have impacted healthcare and human service professionals’ stress and wellbeing during outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic. These factors should be further investigated to inform public policy and interventions that mitigate health and mental health problems among these professionals during this and future outbreaks.

Change and Continuity in White House Staffing: The Trump Factor

Early assessments of Trump’s White House portrayed an organization riven by personality disputes and administrative chaos. But in many ways, Trump’s White House staff descriptively bears a strong resemblance to its predecessors, as we demonstrate by drawing on more than 50 years of data on presidential staff composition. In terms of size, structure, and the distributions of functions, the Trump White House represents not a break with the past so much as its continuation. Trump’s staffing patterns departed from precedent more in the areas of staff turnover and recruitment; however, it is not clear just how significant those changes are.

Research groups of G. I. Chelpanov: historical-psychological study

In the context of the problem of institutionalization of the Russian and Soviet psychology of the early XX century, the research is conducted on the peculiarities of organizing scientific work under the leadership of G. I. Chelpanov. For determination of the composition and characteristics of the research groups created by him, the author carries out biographical and bibliographic analysis of personal written documents, materials that characterizes the official activity of the scholars and communities, historical-psychological works dedicated to life and research activity of G. I. Chelpanov. The three scientific-educational bases for the creation of research groups headed by Chelpanov are highlighted: the Psychological Seminary at the Department of Philosophy of the Imperial University of St. Vladimir in Kiev (1897–1907), the Psychological Seminary at the Imperial Moscow University (1907–1912), and the Institute of Psychology named after L. G. Shchukina (1912–1923). The staff composition of the research groups is revealed. The novelty of this article lies in the description of G. I. Chelpanov as the pioneer of the Russian psychological science and education, who duly appreciated teamwork at the stage of establishment of psychology as big science in the early XX century. The traces the succession of the staff composition of research groups ,as well as the subject of reports and research conducted by the members of the collective, according to the plan developed by the leader G. I. Chelpanov, primarily in the scope of general psychology. It is demonstrated that in the course of socially significant activity, on the collective basis were resolved the tasks of training of competent philosophers and psychologists, and later of implementation of the research program on the development of theoretical-methodological  fundamentals of the empirical research of psyche. The authors underline the importance of individual approach implemented by Chelpanov in working with the scientific associates aimed at the development of their creative skills.

MILITARY AND PENITENTIARY POLICY OF GREAT BRITAIN AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY

В статье рассмотрена военно-пенитенциарная политика Великобритании в начале XX в. Изучены структура, штатный состав военных тюрем Великобритании, показаны особенности распределения в них заключенных, должностных обязанностей, а также система поощрения и наказаний. В качестве негативных моментов указывается на отсутствие специальной подготовки должностных лиц военных армий Великобритании, наличие рецидивного характера преступности. Определены особенности распределения заключенных по классам согласно действующей прогрессивно-классификационной системе. Авторами раскрывается порядок перехода заключенных из класса в класс. Указывается на то, что действующая система мер поощрений и наказаний носила карательно-принудительный характер и не смогла преодолеть рецидив в совершаемых преступлениях военнослужащими. В статье рассматривается применяемая в военных тюрьмах Великобритании дисциплинарная практика. Авторы приходят к выводу о том, что опыт военно-политической политики Великобритании начала XX в. можно использовать и в современных условиях. The article considers the military and penitentiary policy of Great Britain at the beginning of the XX century. The structure and staff composition of military prisons in Great Britain are studied, the features of the categorization of prisoners in them, the official duties, as well as the system of rewards and sanctions are shown. As negative points, the lack of special training of military officials of the United Kingdom, the presence of a recidivist nature of crime is indicated. The features of the prisoners categorization by classes, according to the progressive classification system, are determined. The authors reveal the order of prisoners` transition from class to another. It is pointed out that the rewards and sanctions system was punitive and coercive in nature and could not overcome the recidivism in the crimes committed by the military. The article examines the disciplinary practice used in military prisons in Great Britain. The authors conclude that the experience of the military and political policy of Great Britain at the beginning of the XX century is used both in modern conditions.

The French Hong: Daily Work Life and Operations

Chapter 6 examines the French hong as a workplace. The workload was busiest at the beginning and end of the trading season; in addition to involving selling, selecting, purchasing, and delivery of cargo, the trade generated an enormous volume of supporting documentation in the form of contracts, receipts, permissions, correspondence, etc. The life of the Chinese employees is underrepresented in the archival records, but excerpts from an individual’s 1789 diary provide a detailed personal glimpse into one trader’s daily activity. Among the challenges affecting staff performance were interpersonal rivalry and the difficulty of adjusting, or not, to a climate and culture that were significantly different from those of Europe. The French referred to their Canton commercial establishment as a comptoir, a term that could be applied to both the physical and the intangible entity, and over the decades, its administration assumed several different forms; staff composition and salaries likewise varied. However, there were times, especially during periods of warfare or national unrest, when there was no French representation at Canton.

THE NETWORK OF AGRICULTURAL LIBRARIES OF THE BSSR IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 1970S

The article presents the analysis of state of agricultural libraries of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR) in the first half of the 1970s. The main types of libraries of the presented network have been analysed; the data on library staff composition and education have been presented; the number of readers and total amount of books which were lent have been shown; the main activities of the agricultural libraries haven considered.

‘Race’: the missing dimension in social policy higher education?

This chapter discusses the key analysis and messages from the Social Policy Association (SPA) race audit, looking at the challenges facing the discipline. The report was tasked with looking at social policy in terms of student composition, staff composition, conference/journal content, and curriculum content. Social policy has treated debates on ‘race’ and racism as marginal for too long, as reflected in the relative absence of ‘race’ from the major social policy journals. An important issue that has arisen is that the SPA has never made use of ethnic monitoring in membership applications, making it impossible to assess the representativeness or otherwise of its membership. The SPA clearly has some way to go to persuade social policy academics of the importance of confronting this challenge, and this is unlikely to happen without a major cultural shift within higher education institutions (HEIs) and the discipline more broadly.