Agricultural development as a factor in ensuring import substitution and strengthening the country’s food security

The issue of the need to develop agriculture and import substitution has become particularly relevant after the beginning of mass imposing economic sanctions by the West against Russia, as well as a result of oil prices downturn and shortfall of budget revenues from the sale of energy sources. The policy of import substitution affects the areas of the agro-industrial complex to varying degrees. First of all, these measures affect all areas of agricultural production - crop production, animal husbandry and fisheries. In addition, they apply to the final products of the agro-industrial complex, that is, they regulate the food industry, thus affecting the issue of the country’s food security. The purpose of the study is to identify problems in the development of the country’s agriculture based on the study of Russian and international experience, to consider them in a complex, as well as to assess the impact of the import substitution policy on the development of the industry, to propose measures for the further development of the agro-industrial sector aimed at strengthening the country’s food security.

MPORT SUBSTITUTION POLICY IN THE CONTEXT OF ENSURING RUSSIA'S FOOD SECURITY

В статье рассматриваются итоги импортозамещения в продовольственной сфере в современной России. Анализируются денежные показатели импорта и экспорта основных видов продукции за 2013-2020 гг. Приводятся результаты исследований экспертов по данной проблеме. The article deals with the problems of import substitution in the food sector of Russia. It represents actual statistics covering import and export of crucial foodstuff types financial indexes. It includes the number of research corollaries on similar topics.

Willingness of tobacco farmers to accept compensation for tobacco crop substitution in Lichuan City, China

ObjectiveThis study, conducted in China, explores tobacco farmers’ willingness to accept (WTA) compensation for tobacco crop substitution.MethodsThe contingent valuation method was used to elicit farmers’ WTA compensation. A face-to-face survey was conducted with 280 tobacco farmers in Lichuan City, China. The standard logit regressions were used to identify the factors that influence farmers’ WTA.ResultsWithout compensation, most of the respondents were unwilling to implement tobacco crop substitution. However, if the government provided compensation, the proportion of respondents’ willingness for substitution increased to 86.7%. Male tobacco farmers are more likely to accept a given compensation value than female farmers. Older tobacco farmers have a higher probability of accepting compensation. The number of farmers engaged in tobacco growing in a family is negatively associated with the probability of accepting a given compensation amount. Tobacco farmers with greater confidence in the expected benefits of tobacco crop substitution tend to be more willing to accept compensation. The mean WTA estimate was achieved as US$2020.35/ha/year.ConclusionsIf appropriate compensation is provided for tobacco farmers, there is a potential to implement the tobacco crop substitution policy in the study area.

A critical review of substitution policy for biosimilars in Canada

Canada has approved a total of 36 biosimilars. While the approval of biosimilars is regulated at the national level, decisions about biosimilar substitution are made at the provincial level. Four Canadian provinces, representing around 50% of the population in Canada, have now implemented policies requiring non-medical switching of biosimilars – switching from a patient from an originator biological to a biosimilar primarily for economic reasons. In this article, we compare biosimilar substitution policies in Canada to policies in Europe and the US, finding an enhanced focus on clinical and marketplace factors in these regions. We also find evidence that in some cases non-medical switching may pose a risk to patients and suggest that Canada could learn from more mature markets, such as those in Europe, where switching policies better consider patient needs, preserve physician choice and promote market competition.

Import substitution: problems of understanding policy and its objectives

The policy of import substitution intensified in Russia in the second half of 2014 against the background of sanctions by the United States, the European Union and some other countries, as well as the introduction of counter-sanctions in the country. However, over the past period, no strong positive results of this policy have been noted in agriculture, with the exception of a narrow group of goods. An obvious negative consequence was the increase in prices on the consumer market and the restriction of the choice of food products. The share of machinery and equipment in imports has not decreased and the share of these goods in Russian exports has not increased. The article briefly describes the history of the formation of the import substitution policy in the World, its positive and negative sides. Taking into account the historical experience of the use of import substitution in the world, the author tries to identify the reasons for the lack of results of this policy in Russia. One of these reasons, according to the author, is excessive politicization, as well as bureaucratization in the implementation of the import substitution policy to the detriment of the economic content of this policy, which is confirmed by the lack of necessary calculations and a period of time for the implementation of the import substitution policy. Based on personal experience, the author also points out the negative effects of the import substitution policy that are manifested outside the economy and business, in particular, in the fi eld of higher education, which is often manifested in the distorted initial view of many students about the essence and goals of the import substitution policy. The author comes to the conclusion that only when understanding import substitution as an economic policy one can expect that this policy will benefit the Russian economy.

Directions of Cluster Competitive Development of Priority Branches of AIC Of Kyrgyzstan

The role and significance of the cluster competitive development of the agro-industrial complex are substantiated. The analysis of the development of priority sectors of the agro-industrial complex and the domestic food market is presented. Disproportions and factors of unbalanced development of related branches of the agro-industrial complex are revealed. The reasons for the low level of processing of agricultural products and the weak development of agricultural processing industries in the republic are determined. The factors of non-competitiveness of the agro-industrial complex sectors are determined - the development of small-scale production, the underdevelopment of economic and integration ties between adjacent agro-industrial complex enterprises. Measures are proposed to ensure import substitution of food, the growth of its exports and, on this basis, the competitive development of priority sectors of the agro-industrial complex. The mechanisms for improving economic relations in the agro-industrial complex and the advantages of developing long-term contractual contractual relations have been substantiated. A model for the development of an agricultural cluster has been developed in order to implement the import substitution policy for the consumption of food resources.

DEVELOPMENT OF METODOLOGYCAL APPARATUS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF PROTECTIVE FUNCTIONS IN DOMESTIC MICROCONTROLLERS IN MOBILE DIGITAL PROTECTED COMMUNICATION

Целю исследований является повышение защищенности данных и программного кода Flash - памяти отечественных микроконтроллеров в телекоммуникационных системах (ТКС) цифровой подвижной защищенной связи от атаки программного обеспечения (несанкционированного доступе и копирование) за счет регулирования рисков успешности вышеуказанной атаки путем разработки методического аппарата защиты кода программ. В работе продемонстрирован программный метод с использованием bootloader - загрузки программы из внешней памяти. Проведен анализ спецификаций на отечественные и зарубежные микроконтроллеры. Полученные результаты работы могут послужит обеспечению безопасности отечественных микроконтроллеров и дальнейшему развитию способов противодействия угрозам. Разработанный методический аппарат защиты кода программ от несанкционированного доступа позволит вывести отечественное оборудование на должный уровень применения, что позволит провести политику импортозамещения в части защиты кода программ. The purpose of research is to increase the security of data and Flash program code - the memory of domestic microcontrollers in the digital mobile communication system from software attacks (unauthorized access and copying) due to the management of the risks of success of the above attack by developing a methodological device for protecting program code. The work demonstrates a software method using bootloader - loading a program from external memory. Analysis of specifications for domestic and foreign microcontrollers. The results of the work can serve to ensure the safety of domestic microcontrollers and the further development of ways to counter threats. The developed methodological apparatus for protecting program code from unauthorized access will bring domestic equipment to the proper level of application, which will allow for an import substitution policy regarding program code protection.

Russian Agriculture: Global Positions, Structural Proportions, and Development Trends

Russians still see national agriculture as a rearguard branch of the economy associated with stagnation and inefficiency. However, the agriculture has undergone significant positive changes over the past decade as a result of large-scale state support programs, import substitution policy, food embargo, depreciation of the ruble, etc. Russian agriculture requires a comprehensive assessment of its current state and position in the global agricultural market. Based on statistical and comparative analyses, the authors assessed the current state of Russian agriculture, as well as showed its place in the national economy and the country's position on the global agricultural market. The research revealed the vector of these changes in 2000–2018 and the main problems of the agricultural development at the present stage. A SWOT analysis shows that Russia has overcome the crisis in the transition to the market economy; the main economic and financial indicators are getting better, together with the most important production segments. Russian agriculture improves as production volumes keep growing and profitability is increasing. The number of unprofitable enterprises has been reduced by half, and the share of individual farms has fallen.