Borders within Borders: The Impact of Occupational Licensing on Immigrant Incorporation

Over the past four decades, occupational regulation, particularly licensing, which creates a legal right to practice, has engulfed the American occupational structure. Occupational licensure research typically offers theoretical arguments suggesting that licensing limits individuals’ entry into an occupation. For migrants arriving with little financial capital, licensing requirements can act as substantial barriers to occupational entry. On the other hand, licensing delineates, codifies, and publicizes uniform standards for occupational entry, which may have the effect of enhancing accessibility for immigrants. Using a unique longitudinal data set of occupational licensing enactments between 1994 and 2012, combined with nationally representative data from the Current Population Survey, the authors show that licensing creates institutional mechanism that can ease access into occupations for immigrants, particularly for vulnerable immigrant labor groups, particularly for (1) those arriving as adults after the acquisition of education credentials in their countries of origin and (2) those who recently entered the country and may lack the occupational social networks necessary to find and obtain jobs and the cultural capital to follow typical informal paths to entry.

TANGGUNG JAWAB CAMAT SEBAGAI PPAT SEMENTARA DALAM HAL MENANDATANGANI AKTA JUAL BELI (CONTOH KASUS NOMOR PUTUSAN 44/PDT.G/2014/PN KWG)

The research on the Subdistrict Head's responsibilities as PPAT Temporary aims to know and understand the problems related to legal responsibility if there is an error in making land certificates by the Subdistrict Head as Temporary PPAT and the role of Subdistrict Head who is appointed as Temporary PPAT in the practice of making land deeds in Cibuaya District karawang. This research is normative legal research, namely this research uses scientific methods and interviews with related parties. The data used are primary data, namely regulatory regulations relating to the Occupational Regulation of the Land Deed Maker Officer and secondary data, namely textbooks relating to the Land Deed Maker Officer. In this study the specifications used are prescriptive in nature which are intended to provide prescriptions based on arguments that have been built in conclusions. Head of Subdistrict as PPAT While from Cibuaya Subdistrict, Karawang regency is still making irregularities towards the preparation, manufacture and registration of the deed. The legal responsibility of the mistake made by the Subdistrict Head as a Temporary PPAT in making the land deed is not in accordance with the existing regulations, namely not subject to penalty sanctions in the form of compensation but a decision of the Article of Action Against the Law is imposed.

Occupations as labour market institutions. Occupational regulation and its effects on job matching and occupational closure

Wir definieren Berufe als Institutionen, die das Bildungssystem mit dem Arbeitsmarkt koppeln und argumentieren, dass Berufe idealtypische Anforderungsprofile von Stellenangeboten darstellen. Auf dieser theoretischen Grundlage erarbeiten wir unterschiedliche Mechanismen, wie berufliche Institutionen und deren Regulierung berufliche Qualifikationen definieren und den Zugang zu Berufen und gleichzeitig Mobilität zwischen Berufen strukturieren. Das Ausmaß der beruflichen Regulierung variiert erheblich zwischen den Berufen. Darauf aufbauend analysieren wir die Auswirkungen der beruflichen Regulierung. Wir zeigen, dass die Regulierung zweiteilige Effekte hat. Erstens erhöht die berufliche Regulierung den Informationsstand sowohl für Arbeitgeber als auch für Arbeitssuchende und verringert somit die Unsicherheit im Matching-Prozess. Zweitens produziert berufliche Regulierung "closed shops", indem der Zugang zu Berufen eingeschränkt wird. Studien, die sowohl die positiven als auch die negativen Auswirkungen beruflicher Regulierungen berücksichtigen, sind bisher selten. Wir schließen diese Lücke, indem wir zwei zentrale Arbeitsmarktprozesse untersuchen: Job Matching und berufliche Schließung. Um berufliche Regulierung empirisch abzubilden, verwenden wir einen innovativen Indikator und testen unsere Hypothesen mit deutschen Daten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass je stärker die berufliche Regulierung bei sonst gleichen Bedingungen ist, desto weniger aufwändig gestaltet sich der Matching-Prozess für die Vertragspartner. Im Gegensatz dazu wird der Wechsel in eine neue Beschäftigung umso unwahrscheinlicher, je stärker ein Beruf reguliert ist.

Licensed to skill? The impact of occupational regulation on fitness instructors

Occupational licensing, which restricts entry to a job to those with certain qualifications, has traditionally been associated with professionals. Can such forms of occupational regulation support skill development and higher wages lower down the labour market? Cross-national comparisons of a specific occupation can highlight differences in regulation and the interaction between skill formation and industrial relations institutions. We compare the regulation of the occupation of fitness instructor in the UK, France and Norway, focusing on the impact on skills and wages, and suggest that while licensing offers some beneficial outcomes, the relationship with these other institutions is critical.

Battling over Jobs: Occupational Licensing in Health Care

The goal of this paper is to outline the major tensions between the monopoly face of licensing versus potential consumer protection goals of occupational regulation in the health care industry. Historically, health care occupations limited supply as a method of raising earnings, but with the growth in the number of newly regulated occupations, many professions have come in conflict over who gets to do the work. Rather than having consumers decide, state legislatures and licensing boards determine the allocation of tasks. The paper outlines policies that may allow consumers rather than service providers determine the direct allocation of these jobs.