Marginālā sieviete un sociālie stereotipi Padomju Lavijā, Daugavpils pilsētā: pēc Daugavpils preses materiāliem (1953–1964)

In the Soviet period, which is marked in the history of Latvia SSR as a „Khrushchev thaw” (1953-1964), not only the laws and others normative documents of the Soviet Latvia, but also the social norms and stereotypes served as a foundation for formation of views on which women should be considered as marginal. Therefore, it was topical to explore the social stereotypes, formation of which was determined by the multicultural and multinational environment of Daugavpils, as well as the migration and soviet propaganda mechanisms. The analysis of materials of Daugavpils periodicals reflects the official view-point and ideological postulates of the Soviet regime. In this article, the problem of stigmatization of mar-ginalized women in soviet society was explored, studied and analysed according to various Daugavpils newspapers, such as annual sets of 1953-1964 printed editions „Padomju Daugava”/ „Krasnoje Znamja” („Red Banner”; Latvian National Archives, Daugavpils zonal archive, 871. fonds, description 1).

The iconoclastic theatre: transgression in Christopher Marlowe’s Tamburlaine

This article examines Christopher Marlowe’s iconoclasm as a dramatist by probing transgressive features in his Tamburlaine the Great, parts I and II. By depicting instances of excessive violence, from the perspective of this study, Marlowe flouts everything his society cherishes. His Tamburlaine demystifies religious doctrines and cultural relations; it challenges the official view of the universe and customary theatrical conventions of Renaissance drama. It destabilizes the norms and values of the Elizabethans and brings about a crisis between the Elizabethan audience and their own culture. Furthermore, Marlowe’s experimentalism in Tamburlaine expands the imaginative representations to include areas never formerly visited, consequently creating an alternative reality for his audience and transforming the popular English theatre in an unprecedented manner. Keywords: Drama, Christopher Marlowe, Elizabethan theatre, Literature, Iconoclasm

A Milestone in Global Recent Push for Environmental Protection and the Japanese Experience of the “Big Four” Pollution Diseases through the Lens of International Aid

This paper explains a brief examination of a milestone in global recent push for environmental protection, the world-renown ‘four’ big pollution diseases of Japan, and their use inside country’s development assistance. This branch of foreign policy was selected because of its exceptional potential to disseminate country’s voice, ideal niche for experience to be heralded, and opportunity to actually prevent similar catastrophes in other countries, thanks to its access to resources and political leverage. Experience is an overtly accepted source of lessons but, as a social phenomenon, it is not static. This essay is an examination of the use of the ‘four’ big pollution diseases experience inside Japanese initiatives on international aid, looking for the changes in understanding such tragic events. Attention is placed on the elements introduced and the nuances of meaning among them. The period reviewed, from the late 80’s to 2005, indicates a positive movement of the official view towards a comprehensive recognition of the history, not without voids and pending challenges.

A Milestone in Global Recent Push for Environmental Protection and the Japanese Experience of the “Big Four” Pollution Diseases through the Lens of International Aid

This paper explains a brief examination of a milestone in global recent push for environmental protection, the world-renown ‘four’ big pollution diseases of Japan, and their use inside country’s development assistance. This branch of foreign policy was selected because of its exceptional potential to disseminate country’s voice, ideal niche for experience to be heralded, and opportunity to actually prevent similar catastrophes in other countries, thanks to its access to resources and political leverage. Experience is an overtly accepted source of lessons but, as a social phenomenon, it is not static. This essay is an examination of the use of the ‘four’ big pollution diseases experience inside Japanese initiatives on international aid, looking for the changes in understanding such tragic events. Attention is placed on the elements introduced and the nuances of meaning among them. The period reviewed, from the late 80’s to 2005, indicates a positive movement of the official view towards a comprehensive recognition of the history, not without voids and pending challenges.

Sección Femenina: Documenting and Performing Spanish Musical Folklore During the Early Franco Regime (1939–1953)

The Franco regime (1939–75) used Spanish musical traditions as a form of propaganda and cultural diplomacy during the first two decades of the dictatorship––a period that saw Spain transform itself from a supporter of Nazi Germany to a staunch ally of the Western Bloc. Based on archival work conducted in eight archives throughout Andalusia and Madrid, the rather monolithic view of how the Franco regime portrayed Spanish identity within the nation, the Protectorates in Morocco, and the United Kingdom is challenged. The Sección Femenina, the women’s section of the fascist Falange party, represented an official view of folk music and women’s role in society. Thus far unexplored musical transcriptions, correspondence, and newspaper reviews give us a better understanding of how the 30,000-plus members of the Sección Femenina collected, taught, and performed musical folklore while promoting the regime’s differing concepts of history, gender roles, and the ‘Spanish race’ according to different geopolitical circumstances.

A Milestone in Global Recent Push for Environmental Protection and the Japanese Experience of the “Big Four” Pollution Diseases through the Lens of International Aid

This paper explains a brief examination of a milestone in global recent push for environmental protection, the world-renown ‘four’ big pollution diseases of Japan, and their use inside country’s development assistance. This branch of foreign policy was selected because of its exceptional potential to disseminate country’s voice, ideal niche for experience to be heralded, and opportunity to actually prevent similar catastrophes in other countries, thanks to its access to resources and political leverage. Experience is an overtly accepted source of lessons but, as a social phenomenon, it is not static. This essay is an examination of the use of the ‘four’ big pollution diseases experience inside Japanese initiatives on international aid, looking for the changes in understanding such tragic events. Attention is placed on the elements introduced and the nuances of meaning among them. The period reviewed, from the late 80’s to 2005, indicates a positive movement of the official view towards a comprehensive recognition of the history, not without voids and pending challenges.

Legislação sobre posse de terras e Educação do Campo no Brasil

Este artigo objetiva refletir acerca de duas grandes questões que envolvem os campesinos e que se constituem como “bandeiras” fundamentais: a primeira é a questão da terra, a segunda é a educação do campo. Toma-se, inicialmente, como objeto de análise as Constituições Federais Brasileiras por entender que tais compõem as visões historicamente construídas acerca do campesino brasileiro, para em seguida iniciar reflexões acerca das propostas da Educação do Campo. Tais reflexões evidenciam as relações entre a construção do que, neste artigo, se denomina como “invisibilidade” das populações campesinas e a constituição de um movimento em prol de uma educação que considere suas especificidades. Tais lutas em relação à constituição de uma educação de qualidade para os sujeitos campesinos vêm garantindo algumas conquistas de modo a torná-los visíveis, em detrimento de uma visão hegemônica que tende a torná-los uma massa amorfa, desconsiderando suas especificidades e saberes. Palavras-chave: Constituições Federais, Movimentos Sociais, Luta, Educação do Campo. Land tenure legislation and countryside education in Brazil ABSTRACT. This paper aims at reflecting about two great questions concerning rural population; such questions constitute themselves as fundamental fighting pillars: land, and countryside education. Firstly, Brazil’s Federal Constitution is taken under analyses, since it represents the official view towards rural population, secondly, reflections are drawn regarding what is suggested concerning Countryside Education. These reflections highlight the relationship between, what is here denominated as “invisibility” regarding rural population, and a movement towards an education that takes under consideration its specificities. The battles for better education for rural communities has guaranteed some achievements, thus making them visible, in detriment of a hegemonic view, which tends to take rural populations as part of a whole, disregarding their specificities and traditional knowledge. Keywords: Federal Constitutions, Social Movements, Fighting, Countryside Education. Legislación sobre tenencia de tierras y Educación del Campo en Brasil RESUMEN. Este trabajo tiene el objetivo de reflexionar acerca de dos grandes cuestiones que involucran a los campesinos y que se constituyen como banderas fundamentales: la primera es la cuestión de la tierra, la segunda es la educación del campo. Se toma inicialmente como objeto de análisis las Constituciones Federales Brasileñas por entender que tales componen las visiones históricamente construidas acerca del campesino brasileño, para luego iniciar reflexiones acerca de las propuestas de la Educación del Campo. Tales reflexiones evidencian las relaciones entre la construcción de lo que en este artículo se denomina invisibilidad de las poblaciones campesinas y la constitución de un movimiento en favor de una educación que considere sus especificidades. Tales luchas con relación a la constitución de una educación de calidad para los sujetos campesinos vienen garantizando algunas conquistas para hacerlos visibles, en detrimento de una visión hegemónica que tiende a hacerlos como parte del todo, desconsiderando sus especificidades y saberes. Palabras clave: Constituciones Federales, Movimientos Sociales, Lucha, Educación del Campo.

What it is to Possess a Reason

This chapter defends the book’s official view of possession. It starts by arguing that meeting the epistemic condition is not sufficient for possession. There are cases where one meets the epistemic condition but fails to possess because one does not appreciate the normative relevance of the fact in question. The bulk of the chapter is dedicated to spelling out what it takes to adequately appreciate normative relevance. Arguments are given against subjective reason accounts and Humean accounts. It is argued that what it is to possess a reason is to be in a position to manifest knowledge about how to use the reason as the reason that it is. Finally, it is argued that meeting the epistemic condition is a background condition for being in a position to manifest the relevant know-how.