„Vom Zentrum an die Peripherie – und umgekehrt“ Zu Ausonius, Ordo Urbium Nobilium, und Prudentius, Peristephanon

This article deals with the relationship between an urban center and peripheries in two Latin pieces of ʻcollected poetry’: Ausonius’ catalogue of cities of the Empire, Ordo urbium nobilium, and Prudentius’ cycle of hymns on Christian martyrs of the Western Romania, the Peristephanon. In both collections Rome, diametrically opposed in the initial and final positions, points to the geometric center of the orbis terrarum, in each poem for both an objective and a subjective reason: Ausonius was writing as a former consul in ca. 389, Prudentius as a pilgrim in ca. 399. The latter may have compiled his cycle as a Christian counterpart to Ausonius’ Ordo, starting with the Passio of the ideal Christian Roman by name, Romanus, and ending in historical Rome at the tomb of Agnes.

Subjective Reasons

Objective reasons depend on how things are. Subjective reasons depend on how things seem. Subjective reasons determine what it is rational to do. This chapter develops and defends a new account of subjective reasons, and thereby of practical rationality, in part via critical reflection on the leading alternative. The positive proposal is a modal one, which builds on the theories of objective and possessed reasons. Roughly, what appears to a person to be the case is a subjective reason for them to act when, in some nearby epistemically possible world in which it obtains, it is right in some way for them to act. The chapter concludes by showing how the framework might be further extended to capture the idea that rationality depends on credences, desires, and normative beliefs.

Elements Of Missionary Activities Strategy: Mechanisms And Norms Of Their Practical Implementation

We know that each period has its own characteristics, principles of development, the XXI century was the century of the peak of cultural, spiritual, scientific, technical integration. Along with this, we had to face certain difficulties and unsolved tasks in these areas, and this has its objective, subjective reason. It should be noted that today it has become mandatory to be on the alert to possible threats, the separation of true religious values from fake and directly scientifically justify the educational and religious culture and worldview of human from a philosophical point of view. The article analyzes the the history of missionary activity, its ideological foundations and modern forms. The purpose of the study is to reveal with examples extensive information about the goals, the methods and tools used by the centers and organizations involved in these activities. The article also explains the legal basis for preventing missionary movements, the role and importance of religious education and tolerance in ensuring stability and prosperity of society.

Outpatient, dental care of adult vulnerable patients under general anaesthesia—a retrospective evaluation of need for treatment and dental follow-up care

Objectives To analyse the treatment needs of patients who had received dental treatment under GA and the effectiveness of the treatment provided. Materials and methods Retrospective chart analysis of adult at risk and vulnerable patients requiring dental treatment under GA (2007–2017). Outcome variables were indications for GA, DMF/T, and type of treatment, failure rates of treated teeth, emergencies and recall intervals after GA. Results Four hundred fourteen subjects (median age 42 years, range 18–93 years) were assigned to four groups (people with disabilities (pwdis), dementias (pwd), dental phobias (pwph), and addictions/psychosocial disorders (pwapd)) and attended the pre-GA assessment. Of these, 247 subjects (median 37 years, range 18–93 years) were treated under GA, mostly pwdis (n = 154, 69.7%). The main indication for treatment under GA was suspicion of pain (n = 178, 72.1%). Pwd had the highest degree of restoration (46.7%), DMF/T value (23.8), and most missing teeth (5.8). Pwapd had the most decayed teeth (12.9). There was a 12-month recall augmented by 2–4 oral hygiene sessions depending on compliance. The failure rate of all treated teeth was 4%. Two dental emergencies were reported for patients who received a GA. Conclusions Dental treatment need was high for adult vulnerable people. The diagnostic groups differed mainly in their subjective reason for need of a GA, their DMF/T, treatment needs and type of treatments performed. Failure and dental emergency rates after GA were low in spite of a recall interval of 12 months. Clinical Relevance Regular annual recalls could avoid dental emergencies in patients requiring treatment under GA.

Criminological Characteristics of the Causes and Conditions of Terrorist Crimes

Terrorism, as a social and legal phenomenon, is one of the most dangerous challenges both for the Russian Federation and the global community. It is acquiring more and more diverse forms and its scale is threatening. Russian legislators describe terrorism as an ideology of violence and a practice of influencing the decision-making of bodies of power at different levels or of international organizations through the intimidation of people and (or) other forms of illegal violent acts. The article is devoted to the criminological description of the causes and conditions of terrorist activities. The authors note that the emergence of terrorism has certain historical prerequisites. The causes and conditions of terrorist activities are connected with both internal and external (political, economic, religious, psychological) factors, including those common for all countries. The key factors that produce terrorism at present are, according to the authors, the severe character and complexity of various social and political contradictions. Another factor, or rather the consequence of the first one, is wars and armed conflicts. It is noted that one of the reasons for the persistence of modern terrorism (both its ideology and infrastructure) are gaps in international and national legislations. Besides, there are contradictions between states in their assessment of terrorists and their definition of terrorism. According to the authors, the absence of the concept «terrorism» in corresponding international legal documents is one of the reasons for the existing situation and for its escalation as the number of terrorist acts increases. The authors stress that the subjective reason for terrorist activities is the motivation of its subjects. It is a subjective reflection of the possible complex of objective causes and existing contradictions. The authors conclude that the «multifaceted character» of terrorism makes it possible to single out comprehensive causes and conditions of terrorist activities, however, the researchers present its typical manifestations.

El Estado hegeliano: la auctoritas y la potestas de la época moderna = The Hegelian State: the auctoritas and potestas of the modern epoch

RESUMEN: La época moderna como es sabido modificó el sentido de la autoridad, porque venía a impugnar la auctoritas y la potestas de la todopoderosa Iglesia de Roma y, con ello, se quería sustituir la autoridad del papa por la de la conciencia de cada uno, es decir, la razón individual o subjetiva se constituye en la nueva autoridad. Fue Hegel quien, en su filosofía política, da un lugar central a la noción de Estado, constituyendo la culminación del pensamiento moderno y fuente de gran parte de la crítica de la modernidad y del pensamiento contemporáneo en general, en sus vertientes ideológicas de izquierda, centro y derecha.ABSTRACT: The modern epoch since it is known it modified the sense of the authority, because it was coming to contest it auctoritas and potestas of the all-powerful Church of Rome and, with it, the authority of the dad wanted to be replaced with that of the conscience of each one, that is to say, the individual or subjective reason is constituted in the new authority. It was Hegel, who in his political philosophy, gives a central place to the notion of State, constituting the culmination of the modern thought and source of great part of the critique of the Modernity and of the contemporary thought in general, in his ideological slopes of left side, center and right.PALABRAS CLAVE: época moderna, estado hegeliano, auctoritas y potestasKEYWORDS: modern epoch, hegelian state, auctoritas and potestas

What it is to Possess a Reason

This chapter defends the book’s official view of possession. It starts by arguing that meeting the epistemic condition is not sufficient for possession. There are cases where one meets the epistemic condition but fails to possess because one does not appreciate the normative relevance of the fact in question. The bulk of the chapter is dedicated to spelling out what it takes to adequately appreciate normative relevance. Arguments are given against subjective reason accounts and Humean accounts. It is argued that what it is to possess a reason is to be in a position to manifest knowledge about how to use the reason as the reason that it is. Finally, it is argued that meeting the epistemic condition is a background condition for being in a position to manifest the relevant know-how.

Dewey, Habermas, and the Unfinished Project of Modernity in Unmodern Philosophy and Modern Philosophy

John Dewey’s Unmodern Philosophy and Modern Philosophy aspires to overcome the antiquated philosophical baggage of so-called “modern” philosophy and replace it with a philosophy that is truly modern, having incorporated the technoscientific revolution. As the philosophical revolution is incomplete, so is Dewey’s own text. In an attempt to flesh out a Deweyan conception of modernity, this chapter turns to another philosopher who has argued that modernity is still an unfinished project: Jürgen Habermas. This chapter compares their accounts of the meaning of modernity, its pathologies, and their proposed cures through a turn from subjective reason to intersubjective action and concludes that their essential difference lies in the emancipatory potential of scientific-technological reason itself.

Keep Things in Perspective

Objective reasons are given by the facts. Subjective reasons are given by one’s perspective on the facts. Subjective reasons, not objective reasons, determine what it is rational to do. In this paper, I argue against a prominent account of subjective reasons. The problem with that account, I suggest, is that it makes what one has subjective reason to do, and hence what it is rational to do, turn on matters outside or independent of one’s perspective. After explaining and establishing this point, I offer a novel account of subjective reasons that avoids the problem.