Different, Yet the Same: Three Decades of Family Policy Change in Hungary, Lithuania and Romania

The article analyses over-time changes in family transfers in Hungary, Lithuania and Romania from 1990-2018 to seek evidence of similarity in the ethos of policy adaptation. Informed by recent scholarship signalling growing disparities in social entitlements along socio-economic lines in Hungary and Romania, the analysis assesses whether three decades of change in family transfers in three different policy contexts might exhibit the selective, pro-wealthy ethos of social policy transformation described. Using data from an original dataset drawing on exhaustive social legislation pertaining to family allowances, family tax breaks and paid parental leave-related transfers, the article shows that, for most of the last three decades, institutional dualisms in the protection of families with dependent children have grown. Policy drift undercuts the rights of the neediest and policy layering leads to programme expansion targeting dual-earner, high-income families especially. This trend has intensified over the last fifteen years and is most evident in paid leave schemes.

Learning Innovation in Elementary School to Welcome the New Normal In Makassar City

The application of policy adaptive to the implementation of policies in the world of education will result in a control. The existence of a policy adaptive policy that is applied can measure 70% of the output generated from the policy. Therefore, policy adaptive makes policy implementation in the world of education more active to contribute in achieving the required tasks. This study aims to (1) describe and analyze educational policy settings. (2) Describe the design and implementation of education policies. (3) Knowing policy monitoring on the implementation of education policies. This research method uses a descriptive qualitative approach through case studies. Collecting data through observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis uses data reduction, data presentation, verification, and drawing conclusions. The results of this study found that policy adaptation in the implementation of education policies in the Covid 19 Era was applied with 3 indicators, namely (1) policy settings through 6 important points whose implementation was in accordance with the ability of the school. (2) the design and implementation of education policies is carried out through 9 points, namely SOP, School Task Force, Curriculum Design, Design of technical guidance and special training for educators, PTM scenarios for online learning, and coordination of schools with supervisors, task forces, health centers and the Committee for Policy Implementation Government. (3) policy monitoring on the implementation of education policies carried out through 6 stages.

Energy Security in Turbulent Times Towards the European Green Deal

This article presents a theoretical approach to energy security. It incorporates the concept of governing through turbulence as both a response to crisis onset and a source of long-term policy adaptation. The article applies this framework to an empirical analysis of the energy and climate policy of the EU through a review of policy documents in the period between 1995 and 2020. The article presents the evolution in the conceptualization of energy security in EU policy from a narrow definition restricted to characteristics of energy supply to an expanded conception that integrates additional elements from associated policy areas. The article argues that the European Green Deal represents the culmination of this process and concludes that the convergence of energy and climate policy objectives reinforces the trend towards the widened conceptual scope of energy security.

Enhancing local development through trans-regional cooperation: Lessons from long-term practice of the LEADER concept

Resumen: Durante mucho tiempo se consideró que el desarrollo local combinaba múltiples esfuerzos para fortalecer las zonas desfavorecidas o remotas, con riesgo de periferización o incluso de marginación. A partir de los años ochenta, la concienciación sobre el potencial endógeno y los servicios rurales permitió centrarse más en la capacidad de acción y cambio local específico de cada territorio. Este cambio en la política regional promovió el apoyo a los territorios rurales, centrándose especialmente en zonas de geografía específica, como montañas, islas y otros lugares “desfavorecidos”. Calificado como “desarrollo regional endógeno”, este planteamiento queda plasmado en el principal programa de desarrollo local de la UE, el programa LEADER, disponible desde 1991. Aunque se centró en establecer incentivos para el desarrollo en contextos rurales, el rendimiento de las regiones rurales, sin embargo, se estancó desde entonces. Este documento concibe el proceso de desarrollo local y la influencia de la cooperación transregional como los motores decisivos e interrelacionados de todo el proceso. Los efectos limitados podrían estar relacionados con la dependencia del camino, el bloqueo institucional y el escaso reconocimiento y énfasis en el papel crucial de la innovación social, lo que ahoga la necesaria adaptación de las políticas. Sin embargo, la orientación hacia la combinación de la experiencia y la contribución de los sistemas de conocimiento externos, con la singularidad y los activos locales, son aspectos que podrían contribuir de manera decisiva a los incentivos y cambios sociales tan deseados. Palabras clave: Desarrollo rural, LEADER, innovación social, cooperación transnacional, desarrollo local dirigido por la comunidad. Abstract: For long, local development was seen as combining multiple efforts for strengthening areas that were either disadvantaged or remote, at-risk of peripheralization or even of marginalization. Since the 1980s an emerging awareness of endogenous potential and rural amenities enabled a stronger focus on the area-specific capability for local action and change. This shift in regional policy instigated support for remote places, focusing particularly on areas of specific geographies, like mountains, islands and other places of “disadvantage”. Referred to as “endogenous regional development” that approach is epitomized by the main local development scheme of the EU, the LEADER programme which was available since 1991. While it focused on setting development incentives in rural contexts, the performance of rural regions, nevertheless, stagnated since then. This paper conceives the local development process and the influence by trans-regional cooperation as the decisive, inter-related drivers. Limited effects might be linked to path dependency, institutional lock-in and little recognition and emphasis on the crucial role of social innovation, stifling required policy adaptation. Yet, particularly the orientation on combining the experience and contribution of external knowledge systems with uniqueness and local assets might contribute decisively to the long-desired incentives and social changes. Key words: Rural development, LEADER, social innovation, trans-national cooperation, community-led local development.

Trends in Population Aging and Social Policy for Elderly People in Vietnam

Population aging is one of the central issues of many countries in the world, including Vietnam. Life quality improvement and increase in life expectancy are indicators of development achievements. However, increase in life expectancy and sub-replacement fertility will inevitably lead to the aging of the population and the aging population will surely increase socio-economic burden. Therefore, without timely policy adaptation solutions, Vietnam will face crises in a number of social areas, such as labor market, social protection for the elderly as well as providing basic social services in the context of an aging population.