In vitro effects of Sunset Yellow on Chromosomal Damage and Sister Chromatid Exchanges in Human Peripheral Lymphocytes

Sunset Yellow (SY) is an organic azo dye that is used extensively as a coloring agent in many industries, such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals ,and foodstuffs. Many studies have conflicting results about the genotoxicity effect of SY. Thus, the purpose of this study was to provide additional data concerning SY genotoxicity in human lymphocytes by using chromosomal aberrations (CAs) and sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) assay. Four concentrations of Sunset Yellow (1, 5, 20 ,and 50 mg/ml) were used on human lymphocyte cultures. Positive and negative controls were mitomycin C and distilled water, respectively. Compared to the control, SY caused a significant increase in CAs and SCEs frequencies at all concentrations. A total of five types of CAs were observed, such as gaps, fragments, RCF, stickiness,and polyploidy. According to the present results, high concentrations of SY are genotoxic in vitro to cultured human lymphocytes. To determine its full genotoxicity potential, SY should be tested in other test systems.

Micro-structural investigations on oppositely charged mixed surfactant gels with potential dermal applications

Dicarboxylic amino acid-based surfactants (N-dodecyl derivatives of -aminomalonate, -aspartate, and -glutamate) in combination with hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB) form a variety of aggregates. Composition and concentration-dependent mixtures exhibit liquid crystal, gel, precipitate, and clear isotropic phases. Liquid crystalline patterns, formed by surfactant mixtures, were identified by polarizing optical microscopy. FE-SEM studies reveal the existence of surface morphologies of different mixed aggregates. Phase transition and associated weight loss were found to depend on the composition where thermotropic behaviours were revealed through combined differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric studies. Systems comprising more than 60 mol% HTAB demonstrate shear-thinning behaviour. Gels cause insignificant toxicity to human peripheral lymphocytes and irritation to bare mouse skin; they do not display the symptoms of cutaneous irritation, neutrophilic invasion, and inflammation (erythema, edema, and skin thinning) as evidenced by cumulative irritancy index score. Gels also exhibit substantial antibacterial effects on Staphylococcus aureus, a potent causative agent of skin and soft tissue infections, suggesting its possible application as a vehicle for topical dermatological drug delivery.

Protective effects of olive oil phenolics oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol against hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage in human peripheral lymphocytes

This study investigates antioxidant capacity and protective effects of phenolic compounds oleuropein (OLP) and hydroxytyrosol (HT), present in olive oil and olive leaves, against H2O2-induced DNA damage in human peripheral lymphocytes. Antioxidant potency was determined using the measurement of radical-scavenging activity (ABTS∙+ assay), ferric reducing power (FRAP assay) and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC assay). Both substances were found to be potent antioxidant agents due to their free radical-scavenging activities. Antigenotoxic effects of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol against H2O2-induced damage in human lymphocytes were evaluated in vitro by alkaline comet assay. At tested concentrations (1, 5, 10 µmol L−1), oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol did not induce a significant increase of primary DNA damage in comparison with the negative control. Pretreatment of human lymphocytes with each of the substances for 120 min produced a dose-dependent reduction of primary DNA damage in the tested cell type. Hydroxytyrosol showed a better protective effect against H2O2-induced DNA breaks than oleuropein which could be associated with their free radical-scavenging efficacy.

Micro-structural Investigations on Oppositely Charged Mixed Surfactant Gels With Potential Dermal Applications

Dicarboxylic amino acid-based surfactants (N-dodecyl derivatives of -aminomalonate, -aspartate, and -glutamate) in combination with hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB) form a variety of aggregates. Composition and concentration dependent mixtures may exhibit liquid crystal, gel, precipitate and clear isotropic phases. Liquid crystalline patterns were identified by polarization optical microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. FE-SEM studies reveal porous and flower like morphology. Phase transitions and weight loss depend on composition where thermotropic behaviors were revealed through differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analyses, respectively. Systems comprising more than 60% HTAB demonstrate shear-thinning behavior. Gels cause insignificant toxicity to human peripheral lymphocytes and irritation to mouse skin; they do not display the symptoms of cutaneous irritation, neutrophilic invasion and inflammation (erythema, edema, and skin thinning). Gels also exhibit antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus, a potent causative agent of skin and soft tissue infections, suggesting its possible application as vehicle for dermatological drug delivery.

Assessment of the genotoxic potential of temephos

Genotoxic effects of pesticides are of great concern for public health due to the fact that they are widely used for both domestic and industrial purposes. Temephos is a member of organophosphorus pesticides, which is the most widely used group of chemicals against both agricultural and domestic insects. We therefore aimed in the present study to investigate the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of temephos on human peripheral blood lymphocytes, using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) and sister chromatid exchange assays. The results showed that micronucleus (MN) frequency increased at concentrations of 50 and 75 ?g/ml although it was not found statically significant (p>0.05). We found that sister chromatid exchange (SCE) values at concentrations of 50 and 75 ?g/ ml were significantly higher than those obtained for the control (p<0.01). We also analyzed associations between temephos exposure and mitotic index (MI), proliferation index (PI), and cell blocked proliferation index (CBPI). There was no significant change in these values at the tested concentrations (p>0.05). It can be concluded that temephos was not cytotoxic at concentrations of 25, 50 and 75 ?g/ml. However, it may have a genotoxic potential in human peripheral lymphocytes.