Use of emission indicators related to CO2 emissions in the ecological assessment of an agricultural tractor

The paper presents the proposed proprietary M exhaust emission indicator, which is based on the assumption that CO2 emissions are a measure of the correctness of the combustion process. The measurements were performed using a farm tractor meeting the Tier 3 emission norm, operated in real conditions during plowing work. The tests were carried out for a given land section at three speeds In the analysis of test results, the net engine work was used, as it is carried out in the type approval procedures. When measuring in real operating conditions, the torque read from the OBD system is overstated because it takes into account the engine’s internal resistance. In the analysis of test results, the fuel consumption, emission indicators of gaseous compounds and particulates were determined, and the best conditions for conducting agricultural works were indicated in terms of their impact on the natural environment. The aim of the work is to verify the possibility of determining the emission index for an off-road vehicle and a comparative analysis of its values for various operating parameters of a farm tractor. On this basis, it was found that the lowest values of the M identity were recorded for the test characterized by a vehicle speed of 15 km/h.

Exhaust emissions of buses LNG and Diesel in RDE tests

The article compares the exhaust emissions in road conditions of city buses: LNG and Diesel. Both buses met the Euro VI exhaust emission norm. The current strong drive to diversify fuels in Poland and the creation of a large gas port in Świnoujście for LNG imports creates an excellent opportunity to use this fuel, also in road transport. Therefore, the attempt to identify the emission in operation, in first place possible applications, i.e. an LNG bus, comparatively with the emission of a Diesel bus. The operational research carried out concerned such a bus and has not yet been carried out in the country, hence their innovation, also methodological. The conducted research, in particular, was aimed at verifying differences in exhaust emissions of carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides. The study was carried out on one urban bus route performing trips on consecutive days in similar environmental conditions. The performed tests were not strictly type approval tests but only used for comparative purposes. Hence, it was necessary to determine the compliance factor for the relevant exhaust gas substances, with the use of an evaluation algorithm based on measurement windows. Based on these results, the assumption regarding compliance with the emission requirements for the tested buses was verified in real traffic conditions. The exhaust emission values (emission indicators) determined in this way did not exceed the permissible emission limit values for carbon monoxide, while for nitrogen oxides and non-methane hydrocarbons certain exceedances were found.

Analysis of exhaust emission measurements in rural conditions from heavy-duty vehicle

Road transport holds for the largest share in the freight transport sector in Europe. This work is carried out by heavy vehicles of various types. It is assumed that, in principle, transport should take place on the main road connections, such as motorways or national roads. Their share in the polish road infrastructure is not dominant. Rural and communal roads roads are the most prevalent. This fact formed the basis of the exhaust emissions and fuel consumption tests of heavy vehicles in real operating conditions. A set of vehicles (truck tractor with a semi-trailer) meeting the Euro V emission norm, transporting a load of 24,800 kg, was selected for the tests. The research was carried out on an non-urban route, the test route length was 22 km. A mobile Semtech DS instrument was used, which was used to measure the exhaust emissions. Based on the obtained results, the emission characteristics were determined in relation to the operating parameters of the vehicles drive system. Road emission, specific emission and fuel consumption values were also calculated.

Analysis of the exhaust emissions from hybrid vehicle during RDE test

The introduction of the Euro 6c emission norm in 2017 resulted in a change of the type approval procedures. The most important of these was the replacement of the NEDC test with WLTC test with different procedures. In addition, the research was extended to include emission tests in real operating conditions (RDE). Such tests are enforced for heavy vehicles since 2014. PEMS apparatus was used for the measurements, which has been used by many research and development centers to carry out exhaust emissions measurements long before the applicable procedures were introduced. The article presents the methodology of conducting RDE measurements in accordance with the requirements defined by the Euro 6c norm. The focus in this case was primarily on the selection of the test route in the Poznań agglomeration. After determining its course, RDE measurements were made for a vehicle with a hybrid drive. The test route parameters have complied with the applicable requirements. All requirements were met and it was possible to analyze the exhaust emissions. The main focus being the determination of exhaust emissions from the entire test and in accordance with the EMROAD method. The CF (Comformity Factor) coefficients were also determined for both methods and compared with the applicable legal values. An analysis of the hybrid drive system operation was carried out, defining the degree of hybridization, which is the portion of the vehicle travel using only the electric motor of the drive system throughout the whole test. All analyzes were carried out in individual sections of the test: urban, rural and motorway.

The Evolution Required in Standard Cars for the Use of New EGR-VGT Control Strategies

This paper is a study into the possibility of using new control strategies in a standard car. The air system of a diesel engine equipped with a variable geometry turbine and an EGR system (EGR valve and throttle) is considered. New strategies, like GPC or H∞ permit an improvement of the control of both the fresh air flow and the intake manifold pressure. These strategies are not used today in standard car due to the mismatch of both the instrumentation of the ECU’s calculation power. The cost of proposed technology to meet the next emission norm are presented. Some low cost solutions are presented to permit an improvement of the engine control.