scholarly journals Use of emission indicators related to CO2 emissions in the ecological assessment of an agricultural tractor

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 605-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Łukasz Rymaniak ◽  
Jerzy Merkisz ◽  
Natalia Szymlet ◽  
Michalina Kamińska ◽  
Sylwester Weymann
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Internal Resistance ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Farm Tractor ◽  
Emission Norm ◽  
Tier 3

The paper presents the proposed proprietary M exhaust emission indicator, which is based on the assumption that CO2 emissions are a measure of the correctness of the combustion process. The measurements were performed using a farm tractor meeting the Tier 3 emission norm, operated in real conditions during plowing work. The tests were carried out for a given land section at three speeds In the analysis of test results, the net engine work was used, as it is carried out in the type approval procedures. When measuring in real operating conditions, the torque read from the OBD system is overstated because it takes into account the engine’s internal resistance. In the analysis of test results, the fuel consumption, emission indicators of gaseous compounds and particulates were determined, and the best conditions for conducting agricultural works were indicated in terms of their impact on the natural environment. The aim of the work is to verify the possibility of determining the emission index for an off-road vehicle and a comparative analysis of its values for various operating parameters of a farm tractor. On this basis, it was found that the lowest values of the M identity were recorded for the test characterized by a vehicle speed of 15 km/h.

scholarly journals Analysis of exhaust emission measurements in rural conditions from heavy-duty vehicle

2020 ◽  
Vol 182 (3) ◽  
pp. 54-58
Author(s):  
Andrzej Ziółkowski ◽  
Paweł Fuć ◽  
Piotr Lijewski ◽  
Łukasz Rymaniak ◽  
Paweł Daszkiewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Heavy Vehicles ◽  
Heavy Duty Vehicle ◽  
Emission Norm ◽  
Test Route

Road transport holds for the largest share in the freight transport sector in Europe. This work is carried out by heavy vehicles of various types. It is assumed that, in principle, transport should take place on the main road connections, such as motorways or national roads. Their share in the polish road infrastructure is not dominant. Rural and communal roads roads are the most prevalent. This fact formed the basis of the exhaust emissions and fuel consumption tests of heavy vehicles in real operating conditions. A set of vehicles (truck tractor with a semi-trailer) meeting the Euro V emission norm, transporting a load of 24,800 kg, was selected for the tests. The research was carried out on an non-urban route, the test route length was 22 km. A mobile Semtech DS instrument was used, which was used to measure the exhaust emissions. Based on the obtained results, the emission characteristics were determined in relation to the operating parameters of the vehicles drive system. Road emission, specific emission and fuel consumption values were also calculated.

PR30C-LE Locomotive With DOC and Urea Based SCR: Baseline and Initial Aftertreatment Emissions Testing

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dustin T. Osborne ◽  
Doug Biagini ◽  
Harold Holmes ◽  
Steven G. Fritz ◽  
Michael Jaczola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Diesel Oxidation Catalyst ◽  
Oxidation Catalyst ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Tier 2 ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Emission Testing ◽  
Rail Industry ◽  
Tier 3 ◽  
Emissions Testing

The PR30C-LE is a repowered six-axle, 2,240 kW (3,005 hp), line-haul locomotive that was introduced to the rail industry in 2009. The Caterpillar 3516C-HD Tier 2 engine is equipped with an exhaust aftertreatment module containing selective catalyst reduction (SCR) and diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) technology. PR30C-LE exhaust emission testing was performed on test locomotive PRLX3004. Phase-1 of the test program included the following tasks: engine-out baseline emissions testing without the aftertreatment module installed, aftertreatment module installation, commissioning and degreening, and emissions testing with the aftertreatment. Emission results from testing without the aftertreatment module, referred to as the baseline configuration, indicated that PRLX3004 emissions were below Tier 2 EPA locomotive limits without aftertreatment. Emission test results with the DOC and SCR aftertreatment module showed a reduction in nitrogen oxides (NOx) of 80 percent over the line-haul cycle, and 59 percent over the switcher cycle. Particulate matter (PM) was reduced by 43 percent over the line-haul cycle and 64 percent over the switcher cycle. Line-haul cycle composite emissions of Hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) were reduced by 93 and 72 percent, respectively. The PR30C-LE locomotive achieved Tier 4 line-haul NOx, CO, HC, as well as Tier 3 PM levels. There are currently five PR30C-LE locomotives in operation in California and Arizona, and the total hour accumulation of the five PR30C-LE locomotives as of October 2011 was 20,000 hours.

scholarly journals Prediction of Exhaust Emission Costs in Air and Road Transportation

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (17) ◽  
pp. 4688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olja Čokorilo ◽  
Ivan Ivković ◽  
Snežana Kaplanović
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Structure Type ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Road Transportation

In this paper, the calculation of exhaust emission costs originating from aircraft and road vehicles in the base year 2017 and in the forecasting year 2032, in the Republic of Serbia, was carried out. The presented methodology includes a number of influential factors for air transport (airport capacity, number of operations, aircraft type, relevant engine, range) and for road transport (changing of traffic volumes, design and operating speeds, the quality of the pavement structure, type of terrain and category of road sections, dependence of exhaust emission from changes in vehicle speed). It was found that in the current operating conditions, the dominant costs in the total exhaust emission costs are the costs of nitrogen oxides (61%) in road transport, whilst carbon dioxide costs are dominant in air transport (52%). In the future, carbon dioxide costs will have a share of over 80% in the road transport sector and over 58% in the air transport sector in total exhaust emission costs. The average exhaust emission costs per one aircraft operation (international flights) will range from 141 to 145€. In road transport, the average exhaust emission costs at 100 km in 2032 will range from 1.8 to 2.2€.

scholarly journals Individual Cylinder Combustion Optimization to Improve Performance and Fuel Consumption of a Small Turbocharged SI Engine

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 5548
Author(s):  
Luca Marchitto ◽  
Cinzia Tornatore ◽  
Luigi Teodosio
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Cycle Variation ◽  
Spark Timing ◽  
Experimental Findings

Stringent exhaust emission and fuel consumption regulations impose the need for new solutions for further development of internal combustion engines. With this in mind, a refined control of the combustion process in each cylinder can represent a useful and affordable way to limit cycle-to-cycle and cylinder-to-cylinder variation reducing CO2 emission. In this paper, a twin-cylinder turbocharged Port Fuel Injection–Spark Ignition engine is experimentally and numerically characterized under different operating conditions in order to investigate the influence of cycle-to-cycle variation and cylinder-to-cylinder variability on the combustion and performance. Significant differences in the combustion behavior between cylinders were found, mainly due to a non-uniform effective in-cylinder air/fuel (A/F) ratio. For each cylinder, the coefficients of variation (CoVs) of selected combustion parameters are used to quantify the cyclic dispersion. Experimental-derived CoV correlations representative of the engine behavior are developed, validated against the measurements in various speed/load points and then coupled to an advanced 1D model of the whole engine. The latter is employed to reproduce the experimental findings, taking into account the effects of cycle-to-cycle variation. Once validated, the whole model is applied to optimize single cylinder operation, mainly acting on the spark timing and fuel injection, with the aim to reduce the specific fuel consumption and cyclic dispersion.

scholarly journals Investigations of Exhaust Emissions from a Combustion Engine under Simulated Actual Operating Conditions in Real Driving Emissions Test

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 935
Author(s):  
Monika Andrych-Zalewska ◽  
Zdzislaw Chlopek ◽  
Jerzy Merkisz ◽  
Jacek Pielecha
Keyword(s):  
Emission Intensity ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Actual Operation ◽  
Specific Distance

The paper describes the methodology of research of exhaust emissions from a combustion engine under engine states determined by the vehicle actual operation in the RDE test. The processes of quantities determining the vehicle motion and engine states have been recorded, along with the exhaust emission intensity. Based on the developed research methodology, zero-dimensional characteristics of the processes of the emission intensity have been determined under the conditions of urban, rural and motorway traffic, as well as in the entire test. The authors also determined the average specific distance exhaust emissions under the conditions of urban, rural and motorway traffic, as well as in the entire test. Based on the above results, the unique characteristics of the relation of the average specific distance emissions and the average vehicle speed have been obtained. The obtained characteristics may be used in the modeling of exhaust emissions from motor vehicles under actual traffic conditions. The authors also explored the sensitivity of the average specific distance emissions to the vehicle driving style.

Impact of Diesel Engine Technology Advancement on Particulate Exhaust Emission - A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Awadhesh Kumar Tiwari ◽  
R.K. Mandloi
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Particulate Emission ◽  
Technology Advancement ◽  
Emission Effect ◽  
And Control

In present scenario clean technologies with lesser fuel consumption for better air quality is needed from automobile sector. There is need to maintain regulatory emission standards, approaches to minimize green house gases. Therefore, it is highly required to address two major challenges, better engine efficiency with minimum exhaust emissions. Excessive work has been done on fuel improvement, combustion process and exhaust emission on diesel engine advancement since last 40 years. This review covers a comprehensive summary of the existing details related to technology advancement and its effect on pollution control. The investigations have focused on determination of the best operating conditions like overview of modified fuel, particulate emission effect and control strategies which include engine modifications and with advanced combustion strategies vehicular particulate exhaust emissions can be significantly controlled.

scholarly journals The influence of internal catalyst on exhaust emission in dynamic conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 00141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacek Pielecha ◽  
Monika Andrych-Zalewska
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Technical Solution ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Static Tests ◽  
Negative Environmental Impact

The article discusses the use of an internal catalyst, which allows to reduce the emission of harmful compounds during internal combustion engine operation. This is a type of exhaust aftertreatment system; however, its placement inside the combustion chamber, and thus closest to the combustion process, allows reducing the pollution at the source (the catalyst was sprayed on the glow plugs). This is necessary because vehicle pollution reduction is a key aspect of reducing the negative environmental impact of transport. The presented research results are a part of a wider research scheme, on the evaluation of the internal catalyst impact in various engine operating conditions – starting from static tests (on an engine dynamometer), through dynamic dynamometer tests, and ending with vehicle road tests in real driving conditions. The use of an internal catalyst during dynamic tests results in a few percent reduction in the mass of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide and the number of particulates in the considered measurement test. It is technically possible to introduce this kind of a technical solution in most vehicles with Diesel engines, thus resulting in improved ecological properties of internal combustion engines.

scholarly journals Research and analysis of harmful road emissions from a two-wheel vehicle engine in laboratory conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 173 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-46
Author(s):  
Natalia SZYMLET ◽  
Łukasz RYMANIAK ◽  
Piotr LIJEWSKI ◽  
Barbara SOKOLNICKA ◽  
Maciej SIEDLECKI
Keyword(s):  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Emission Standard ◽  
Engine Exhaust ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Vehicle Engine ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Apparatus Part

The subject of this article is the identification of engine exhaust emissions of two-wheel vehicles under laboratory conditions. For this purpose, analysis of road and time emission of gaseous compounds: HC, CO, CO2, NOx from a motorcycle equipped with an engine with a displacement volume of 0.7 dm3 and a maximum power of 55 kW was made. The tests were performed on a dynamometer station designed for testing two-wheel vehicles. The speed characteristic was taken from the European type approval test WMTC, consisting of three parts. Each of these parts lasted 600 seconds and was characterized by a different maximum vehicle speed value. The mobile AXION R/S apparatus part of the PEMS device group was used in the research. What is more, the exhaust emissions results were referred to the values listed by the exhaust emission standard met by the tested vehicle (Euro 4 standard). Laboratory tests presented in the article are only intended as a basis for further research, which includes exhaust emission tests from two-wheel vehicles in real operating conditions.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the test drive cycle conditions impact on exhaust emissions from an internal combustion engine

2018 ◽  
Vol 175 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
Monika ANDRYCH-ZALEWSKA ◽  
Zdzisław CHŁOPEK ◽  
Jerzy MERKISZ ◽  
Jacek PIELECHA
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Drive Cycle ◽  
Test Drive ◽  
The Mean

Test results of exhaust emission sensitivity to engine operating conditions from a vehicle with a compression ignition engine have been analyzed. These results were determined in driving tests: NEDC (New European Driving Cycle), RDE (Real Driving Emissions) and Malta, an original drive cycle developed at Poznan University of Technology. The tests in the NEDC and Malta cycles were carried out on the engine dynamometer in driving tests simulation conditions, while the RDE test was carried out in the real conditions of passenger car traffic. The mean exhaust emission test results of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide as well as the mean particle number in individual tests have been provided. A high sensitivity of the tested emission values to the changes in engines operating conditions was found, both for static and dynamic conditions. The strongest impact of engine operating conditions was found for hydrocarbons emissions and the number of particles, followed by carbon monoxide, a smaller impact was found for nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide. The largest differences in the values characterizing exhaust emissions were found for the NEDC test, which differed the most in dynamic engine operating conditions from other tests that closer resemble real driving conditions of vehicles.

scholarly journals Tagasaste, leucaena and paulownia: three industrial crops for energy and hemicelluloses production

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Palma ◽  
Javier Mauricio Loaiza ◽  
Manuel J. Díaz ◽  
Juan Carlos García ◽  
Inmaculada Giráldez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Energy Of Combustion ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Chamaecytisus Proliferus

Abstract Background Burning fast-growing trees for energy production can be an effective alternative to coal combustion. Thus, lignocellulosic material, which can be used to obtain chemicals with a high added value, is highly abundant, easily renewed and usually inexpensive. In this work, hemicellulose extraction by acid hydrolysis of plant biomass from three different crops (Chamaecytisus proliferus, Leucaena diversifolia and Paulownia trihybrid) was modelled and the resulting solid residues were used for energy production. Results The influence of the nature of the lignocellulosic raw material and the operating conditions used to extract the hemicellulose fraction on the heat capacity and activation energy of the subsequent combustion process was examined. The heat power and the activation energy of the combustion process were found to depend markedly on the hemicellulose content of the raw material. Thus, a low content in hemicelluloses resulted in a lower increased energy yield after acid hydrolysis stage. The process was also influenced by the operating conditions of the acid hydrolysis treatment, which increased the gross calorific value (GCV) of the solid residue by 0.6–9.7% relative to the starting material. In addition, the activation energy of combustion of the acid hydrolysis residues from Chamaecytisus proliferus (Tagasaste) and Paulownia trihybrid (Paulownia) was considerably lower than that for the starting materials, the difference increasing with increasing degree of conversion as well as with increasing temperature and acid concentration in the acid hydrolysis. The activation energy of combustion of the solid residues from acid hydrolysis of tagasaste and paulownia decreased markedly with increasing degree of conversion, and also with increasing temperature and acid concentration in the acid hydrolysis treatment. No similar trend was observed in Leucaena diversifolia (Leucaena) owing to its low content in hemicelluloses. Conclusions Acid hydrolysis of tagasaste, leucaena and paulownia provided a valorizable liquor containing a large amount of hemicelluloses and a solid residue with an increased heat power amenable to efficient valorization by combustion. There are many potential applications of the hemicelluloses-rich and lignin-rich fraction, for example as multi-components of bio-based feedstocks for 3D printing, for energy and other value-added chemicals.

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