On Racial Disparities in Child Abuse Reports: Exploratory Mapping the 2018 NCANDS

Research suggests children from non-White and Hispanic/Latinx communities are at higher risk for child maltreatment. This study identified in which states children from specific non-White communities were overrepresented in child protective services reports for child physical, sexual, and emotional/psychological abuse through exploratory mapping. Reports on child maltreatment originated from the 2018 National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System and state-level population estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau. Racial disparities were identified in states with unequal proportions of reported child maltreatment among a non-White child population compared to the proportion among the White child population. We found disparities for children from non-White communities in many states, especially for Black communities (Disparity Ratio [DR]: 15.10 for child physical abuse, DR: 12.77 for child sexual abuse in Washington DC, and DR: 5.25 for child emotional/psychological abuse in California). The ability to identify high disparities among Pacific Islanders highlights one of the study’s strengths, given we separately examined Asian Americans, Pacific Islanders and multiracial communities. Results from our exploratory mapping provide insight into how preventive resources might be differentially allocated to non-White communities with higher child protective services reporting compared with White communities, and manifest states with multiple non-White communities overrepresented across maltreatment types.

GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE TYPE II: A NARRATIVE LITERATURE REVIEW AND A CASE REPORT OF LATE-ONSET POMPE DISEASE IN A YOUNG WHITE CHILD

At all ages, skeletal muscle weakness characterizes Pompe disease, causes mobility problems and affects the respiratory system. We aimed to provide a narrative review of terminology, etiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, complications, and prognosis of Pompe disease, supported with a clinical case presentation. The clinical manifestation and complications of Pompe disease are illustrated with the clinical case presentation of a late-onset form in a white child. A comprehensive electronic literature search was performed on Ovid, Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Database, and World Health Organization databases to identify the articles that discussed Pompe disease.

PROBLEMATIZING BLACK FEMALE CHARACTER AS MOTHER FIGURE IN ADAPTATION OF “THE CURIOUS CASE OF BENJAMIN BUTTON”

<p>This research examines how the movie “The Curious Case of Benjamin Button” constructs the character of Queenie as mammy stereotype and the accounts of her presence in this adaptation. By applying the semiotic theory of Roland Barthes, this research analyzes mise-en-scene examination to find the mammy stereotype constructed in the character Queenie by looking at the history of slavery in America. Then, in order to find the account of Queenie’s presence, this research uses the adaptation theory of Linda Hutcheon. Thus, this research finds that the movie constructs mammy stereotype, that has been ingrained in the history of slavery in America, in the character Queenie through mise-en-scene, specifically in the figure behavior of Queenie. Moreover, the presence of Queenie in the movie challenges the stereotype by showing the significant role of mammy in a parent's abandonment of a white child. The presence of Queenie makes this movie as a process and a product based on Hutcheon’s adaptation theory. As her presence telling the story in variation and paying tribute to the short story, the movie represents Queenie to contest the short story point of view towards black, especially a black woman.</p>

Infância, gênero, raça e classe nos romances caribenhos Vasto mar de sargaços e La mulâtresse Solitude / Childhood, Gender, Race and Class in the Caribbean Novels Vasto mar de sargaços and La mulâtresse Solitude

Resumo: O presente artigo tem como objetivo propor uma análise comparativa entre as personagens principais dos romances La mulâtresse Solitude, de André Schwarz-Bart, e Vasto mar de sargaços, de Jean Rhys. O recorte privilegiado neste artigo será o período da infância das duas personagens principais, levando em consideração as temáticas de gênero, raça e classe com a finalidade de comparar o cotidiano e dificuldades de uma criança negra e escravizada com o de uma criança livre e branca. Nossa análise será desenvolvida utilizando referenciais críticos e teóricos dos campos de estudos culturais, literatura e crítica literária, estudos de gênero, história e sociologia. O artigo busca contribuir para a divulgação de obras caribenhas, promovendo uma análise comparativa entre romances do caribe inglês e do caribe francês.Palavras-chave: infância; caribe; raça; classe; gênero.Abstract: This article proposes a comparative analysis between the main characters from the novels La mulâtresse Solitude, by André Schwarz-Bart and Wide Sargasso Sea, by Jean Rhys. The privileged feature in this article will be the childhood period of the two main characters, taking into account the themes of gender, race and class in order to compare the daily life and difficulties of a black and enslaved child with that of a free and white child. Our analysis will be developed using critical and theoretical references from the fields of cultural studies, literature and literary criticism, gender studies, history and sociology. The article seeks to contribute to the dissemination of Caribbean works by promoting a comparative analysis between English and French Caribbean novels.Keywords: childhood; Caribbean; race; class; gender.

Family and Friendship

This chapter assesses the promise of intimacy by exploring the intersection of kin-like relations and racial ideologies in the 1950s and 1960s. It focuses on mainline Protestant Christian Children's Fund (CCF), founded in 1938 and the largest organization of its type at the time, along with two of its evangelical competitors, World Vision and Compassion, founded in 1950 and 1952, respectively. These organizations are exemplary of a major shift in twentieth-century sponsorship from emergency relief into a form of permanent fundraising. The chapter then considers the role of race in sponsorship's promise of kin-like relations. Unlike their First World War antecedents, which principally focused on white children in need of wartime relief, mid-century sponsorship organizations solidified a pattern that continues today: the presumed white sponsor of the non-white child. The chapter also studies how organizations shaped children's letter-writing and the dynamics of U.S. family life in which the letters played a part.

Circling the Wagon

Chapter 7 shows how so-called New Democrat Bill Clinton seized upon the stranger danger myth and hitched it to his racialized “law and order” and “family values” policy programs. As president, Clinton underwrote the passage of the Jacob Wetterling Act, the federal “three strikes” law, and Megan’s Law, which together federalized systems of sex offender registration and community notification. Imprinted with the names of white child-victims and awash in the imagery of endangered childhood, these laws enlarged and formalized the child safety regime, thus augmenting a carceral and surveillance state that disproportionately ensnares queer Americans, people of color, and youth.

“Save Them or Perish”

The second chapter focuses on the 1979–1981 kidnappings and murders of twenty-nine black youths in Atlanta. These abductions and killings, which primarily targeted young males from Atlanta’s poor and working-class neighborhoods, exacerbated African American anxieties about racial violence and raised the specters of Southern racism and the myth of gay pedophilia. Some responses to these murders emphasized the victims’ “street smarts,” “hustling,” and even their alleged same-sex sex work, thereby depriving them of the individualized innocence so readily lavished upon Etan Patz and other missing or murdered white youth. Moreover, in an effort to preserve Atlanta’s reputation as progressive and business-friendly, the city’s biracial political and economic establishment sought to downplay the racial and class dimensions of the abductions and slayings. The Atlanta tragedies thus exposed the racial and class limitations of the image of endangered childhood and illustrated how notions of white child-victimhood grounded the child safety regime.

The National Urban League and the Fight for US Adoption Reform

The National Urban League initiated its Foster Care and Adoption Project in 1953 to increase African Americans’ participation in formal adoptions. League officials encouraged reforms in US policies and practices to eliminate the economic and social obatacles that limited African Americans’ adoptions. League officials also promoted greater integration of adoption agencies’ administrative and social work staff to advance the organization’s goals of encouraging interracial cooperation in social service agencies. The outcomes of the national project were inconsistent, in part because of resistance from some white child welfare professionals and the organized efforts of white citizens’ councils to defraud and defund many League branches. The project did highlight the social and institutional barriers that affected African Americans’ domestic and transnational adoptions. This chapter foregrounds the challenges adoption agencies faced when they endeavoured to placed Korean black children with African American families. It reveals why many successful agencies had to implement, on a case-by-case basis, many of the reforms that the League had hoped would produce national, comprehensive adoption reform.

A Penny on the Dollar: Racial Inequalities in Wealth among Households with Children

The dynamics of racial/ethnic wealth inequality among U.S. families with resident children (child households) have been understudied, a major oversight because of wealth’s impact on child development and intergenerational mobility. Using data from the Survey of Consumer Finances (2004–2016), the authors find that wealth gaps between black and white households are larger in, and have grown faster for, child households relative to the general population. In contrast, black-white income gaps for child households have remained largely unchanged. Wealth trends for black and Hispanic child households have diverged, and by 2016, Hispanic child households had more net worth than black child households. Between 2004 and 2016, home ownership rates and home equity levels for black child households decreased, while educational debt increased. In 2016, black child households had just one cent for every dollar held by non-Hispanic white child households. These findings depict the extreme wealth fragility of black child households.

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families and the Black-White Child Poverty Gap in the United States

Black children in the United States are more than twice as likely as white children to live in poverty. While past research has primarily attributed this phenomenon to the family structure of black children, this paper investigates how state-level heterogeneity in social assistance programs contributes to the black-white child poverty gap. I find that racial inequities in states’ administration of the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program contributed to the impoverishment of approximately 256,000 black children per year from 2012-2014. State-year panel data demonstrates that states with larger percentages of black residents are less likely to prioritize the ‘provision of cash assistance’ but more likely to allocate funds toward the ‘discouragement of lone motherhood.’ Neutralizing inequities in states’ TANF spending priorities would reduce the black-white child poverty gap by up to 15 percent – comparable to the reduction effect of moving all children in single-mother households to two-parent households.