Território ribeirinho e a reprimarização do açaí: O caso da várzea de Abaetetuba/PA

O presente artigo discute os aspectos da territorialidade ribeirinha de Abaetetuba, no estado do Pará, com foco na produção do açaí (Euterpe oleracea) no município de Abaetetuba, considerando a importân­cia do açaí como base alimentar dos ribeirinhos do município, assim como o consumo em várias escalas. A pesquisa objetiva analisar a territorialidade ribeirinha na inserção do açaí na lógica de reprimarização da economia no município. Foram realizadas quinze entrevistas com pessoas que atuam diariamente nos elos da cadeia produtiva do açaí, realizadas nos meses de julho e agosto de 2021, com intuito de identificar a realidade atual produtiva do produto, frente o aumento da demanda e consequentemente a pressão exercida na várzea para garantir a oferta. A pesquisa mostra que a conscientização ambiental não alcança de maneira homogênea os agentes que atuam nos elos das cadeias, mas sim que há um distanciamento significativo por parte de quem não mora nas ilhas. Já os ribeirinhos em si possuem esta consciência, porém há uma apropriação das relações de ancestralidade que existem entorno do açaí, pelo neoextrati­vismo e que mantém a tendência monucultural do açaí, considerando que essa estratégia tende minimi­zar as possibilidades de conflito pelo uso do território ribeirinho, em função de ter sido implantado por meio de uma atividade produtiva de cunho ancestral, com isso se mantém as relações desiguais que a reprimarização necessita para se consolidar na várzea de Abaetetuba. Palavras-chave: Território; ribeirinho; açaí; reprimarização da economia; Abaetetuba. Abstract This paper discusses the aspects of ribeirinho territoriality of Abaetetuba in the Brazilian state of Pará, focusing on the production of açaí (Euterpe oleracea) in Abaetetuba municipality, considering the importance of açaí as the food base of the ribeirinho dwellers, as well as its consumption at various scale levels. The research aims to analyze the municipality’s ribeirinho territoriality in terms of the insertion of açaí in the logic of reprimarization of the local economy. Fifteen interviews were conducted with people who work daily in the links of the açaí production chain in the months of July and August 2021, in order to identify the current productive reality of the fruit, in face of the trend of incrementing both the demand and the pressure exerted on the floodplain to guarantee supply. The research shows that the environmental awareness does not reach homogeneously the agents that act in the links of the chains, but that there is a significant distancing on the part of those who do not live on the local space. The ribeirinho dwellers themselves show this awareness, but there is an appropriation of açaí’s ancestral relations by neoextractivism, and this maintains the monocultural trend of the fruit, considering that this strategy tends to minimize the possibilities of conflict for the use of ribeirinho territory, because it was implemented through a productive activity of ancestral nature, thus maintaining the unequal relations that reprimarization needs to consolidate itself in the floodplain of Abaetetuba. Keywords: Territory; ribeirinhos; açaí; reprimarization of the economy; Abaetetuba. El territorio ribereño y la reprimarización del açaí: El caso de la llanura de inundación de Abaetetuba (PA) Resumen Este trabajo discute los aspectos de la territorialidad ribereña de Abaetetuba, en el estado brasileño de Pará, centrándose en la producción delaçaí (Euterpe oleracea) en el municipio de Abaetetuba, conside­rando la importancia del açaí como base alimenticia de los ribereños delaciudad, así como el consumo de ello en diversas escalas. La investigaciónpretendeanalizar la territorialidad ribereña en la inserción del açaí en la lógica de reprimarización de la economía en el municipio. Se realizaron 15 entrevistas a personas que trabajan diariamente en posiciones de la cadena productiva del açaí, realizadas en los meses de julio y agosto de 2021, con el fin de identificar la realidad productiva actual del fruto, frente al aumento de la demanda y, en consecuencia, de la presión ejercida sobre la llanura de inundación para garantizar el su­ministro. La investigación muestra que la concienciación medioambiental no llega de forma homogénea a los agentes que actúan en los anillos de la cadena, sino que hay un distanciamiento significativo por parte de los que no viven en el espacio. Los propios ribereños tienen esta conciencia, pero hay una apro­piación de las relaciones ancestrales que existen en torno al açaí, por parte del neoextractivismo,lo que mantiene la tendencia monocultural del açaí, considerando que esta estrategia tiende a minimizar las po­sibilidades de conflicto por el uso del territorio ribereño, debido a que se han desplegado a través de una actividad productiva de carácter ancestral, con esto se mantienen las relaciones desiguales que la repri­marización necesita para consolidarse en la llanura de inundación de Abaetetuba. Palabras clave: Territorio; Ribereño; Açaí; Reprimarización de la economía; Abaetetuba.

Memory dynamics in times of crisis: An interview with Sarah Gensburger

Working at the intersection of political science, ethnographic sociology, and contemporary historiography, Sarah Gensburger specializes in the social dynamics of memory. In this interview, she talks about her book Memory on My Doorstep: Chronicles of the Bataclan Neighborhood, Paris 2015–2016, which traces the evolving memorialization processes following the 2015 terrorist attacks in Paris, their impact on the local landscape, and the social appropriations of the past by visitors at memorials and commemorative sites. She also discusses her new project Vitrines en confinement—Vetrine in quarantena (“Windows in Lockdown”), which documents public responses to the coronavirus pandemic from different sites across Europe through the creation of a photographic archive of public space. The interview highlights issues around the immediacy of contemporary memorialization practices, the ways in which people engage with their local space during times of crisis, and how we are all actively involved in preserving memory for the future.

THINK BIG, act small

<p>Porirua City is twenty minutes north of Wellington, New Zealand’s capital. The city is fifty years young and is home to the youngest demographic in the country. The city is culturally diverse but lacks a clear architectural representation of this cultural diversity. The city has developed around a beautiful harbour but the waterfront is underutilised in the city’s urban design. THINK BIG, act small proposes a design strategy that re-invents Porirua City’s urban future by bringing people back to its neglected water-edge. The proposition explores how design as process and outcome can empower a community for the future of a city through spatial agency and social engagement. The thesis explores the designer’s role in this process as landscape architect, architect, and social activist. A series of large, medium and small scale interventions are proposed. The Strategy is presented in three parts: 1. The Toolkit: a kit of architectural ideas designed to re-think the city’s urban environment around its relationship to water. These ideas can be deployed over time. 2. Two Temporary Projects: two small interventions from The Toolkit are tested in Porirua. An art installation and a community pop-up space are used to initiate conversations around the future of the city with people of the city. 3. The Big Move: a series of design moves, both big and small, are proposed as a composite vision for the future of Porirua. The proposition includes outcomes from the community pop-up space. The Big Move proposes a constructed wetland park, a series of blue-green streets, public pools, and housing. The aim is to establish new ecosystems that ease flooding, improve water quality, provide catalyst areas for economic growth, and create new social spaces for the city. The design aims to draw the harbour into the city. Polynesian and Maori attitudes towards land and water are integrated in the design: land is boundless and water is a bridge. A park, Te Awaura Park, is proposed as a ‘soft’ edge to the city’s existing boundary. The narrative of the park expresses the neighbourhood characterstics unique to each suburb in Porirua. The park aims to create a true local space, a space celebrating the city’s people.</p>

THINK BIG, act small

<p>Porirua City is twenty minutes north of Wellington, New Zealand’s capital. The city is fifty years young and is home to the youngest demographic in the country. The city is culturally diverse but lacks a clear architectural representation of this cultural diversity. The city has developed around a beautiful harbour but the waterfront is underutilised in the city’s urban design. THINK BIG, act small proposes a design strategy that re-invents Porirua City’s urban future by bringing people back to its neglected water-edge. The proposition explores how design as process and outcome can empower a community for the future of a city through spatial agency and social engagement. The thesis explores the designer’s role in this process as landscape architect, architect, and social activist. A series of large, medium and small scale interventions are proposed. The Strategy is presented in three parts: 1. The Toolkit: a kit of architectural ideas designed to re-think the city’s urban environment around its relationship to water. These ideas can be deployed over time. 2. Two Temporary Projects: two small interventions from The Toolkit are tested in Porirua. An art installation and a community pop-up space are used to initiate conversations around the future of the city with people of the city. 3. The Big Move: a series of design moves, both big and small, are proposed as a composite vision for the future of Porirua. The proposition includes outcomes from the community pop-up space. The Big Move proposes a constructed wetland park, a series of blue-green streets, public pools, and housing. The aim is to establish new ecosystems that ease flooding, improve water quality, provide catalyst areas for economic growth, and create new social spaces for the city. The design aims to draw the harbour into the city. Polynesian and Maori attitudes towards land and water are integrated in the design: land is boundless and water is a bridge. A park, Te Awaura Park, is proposed as a ‘soft’ edge to the city’s existing boundary. The narrative of the park expresses the neighbourhood characterstics unique to each suburb in Porirua. The park aims to create a true local space, a space celebrating the city’s people.</p>

Enhanced Differential Evolution Algorithm with Local Search Based on Hadamard Matrix

Differential evolution (DE) is a robust algorithm of global optimization which has been used for solving many of the real-world applications since it was proposed. However, binomial crossover does not allow for a sufficiently effective search in local space. DE’s local search performance is therefore relatively poor. In particular, DE is applied to solve the complex optimization problem. In this case, inefficiency in local research seriously limits its overall performance. To overcome this disadvantage, this paper introduces a new local search scheme based on Hadamard matrix (HLS). The HLS improves the probability of finding the optimal solution through producing multiple offspring in the local space built by the target individual and its descendants. The HLS has been implemented in four classical DE algorithms and jDE, a variant of DE. The experiments are carried out on a set of widely used benchmark functions. For 20 benchmark problems, the four DE schemes using HLS have better results than the corresponding DE schemes, accounting for 80%, 75%, 65%, and 65% respectively. Also, the performance of jDE with HLS is better than that of jDE on 50% test problems. The experimental results and statistical analysis have revealed that HLS could effectively improve the overall performance of DE and jDE.

Dreaming of the sleep lab

The phenomenon of dreaming about the laboratory when participating in a sleep study is common. The content of such dreams draws upon episodic memory fragments of the participant’s lab experience, generally, experimenters, electrodes, the lab setting, and experimental tasks. However, as common as such dreams are, they have rarely been given a thorough quantitative or qualitative treatment. Here we assessed 528 dreams (N = 343 participants) collected in a Montreal sleep lab to 1) evaluate state and trait factors related to such dreams, and 2) investigate the phenomenology of lab incorporations using a new scoring system. Lab incorporations occurred in over a third (35.8%) of all dreams and were especially likely to occur in REM sleep (44.2%) or from morning naps (48.4%). They tended to be related to higher depression scores, but not to sex, nightmare-proneness or anxiety. Common themes associated with lab incorporation were: Meta-dreaming, including lucid dreams and false awakenings (40.7%), Sensory incorporations (27%), Wayfinding to, from or within the lab (24.3%), Sleep as performance (19.6%), Friends/Family in the lab (15.9%) and Being an object of observation (12.2%). Finally, 31.7% of the lab incorporation dreams included relative projections into a near future (e.g., the experiment having been completed), but very few projections into the past (2.6%). Results clarify sleep stage and sleep timing factors associated with dreamed lab incorporations. Phenomenological findings further reveal both the typical and unique ways in which lab memory elements are incorporated de novo into dreaming. Identified themes point to frequent social and skillful dream scenarios that entail monitoring of one’s current state (in the lab) and projection of the self into dream environments elaborated around local space and time. The findings have implications for understanding fundamental dream formation mechanisms but also for appreciating both the advantages and methodological pitfalls of conducting laboratory-based dream collection.