THE DOCTRINE OF “REMOVING THE CORPORATE VEIL”: A COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE LEGISLATION AND JUDICIAL PRACTICE OF RUSSIA AND SOME ASIAN COUNTRIES

In this article, the authors aimed to give a comparative legal analysis of the doctrine of “removing thecorporate veil” in the context of legislation and judicial practice of the Russian Federation and some Asiancountries (People’s Republic of China, Indian Republic). In the process of studying this problem, it wasconcluded that there are similar norms in foreign legislation with Russian ones on the prohibition of usingthe legal status of a company for the purpose of abuse of law, on the prohibition of affiliation, as well as adiscussion rule on the full joint and several liability of the sole founder of a limited liability company. Inaddition, the conclusion is made about the increasing use of this doctrine in the country of an atypical legalfamily for it — the People’s Republic of China. Based on the materials of the judicial practice of the Republicof India, an attempt has been made to classify this doctrine according to the criterion of the purpose of abuse:in the case of a limited approach, the responsibility of the controlling persons is assigned in the case of theinitially fictitious purpose of creating a legal entity, and in the case of an unlimited approach — for any unfairaction using the limited liability structure of the founder (participant) of the company for its debts.

DAMPAK STRUKTUR MODAL TERHADAP KINERJA KEUANGAN DI SEKTOR PERDAGANGAN INDONESIA

A composition or a liability structure is the understanding of a company's capital structure. The purpose of this study is to analyze the capital structure and financial performance from 2015 to 2018 (4 years) in the Indonesian Trade Sector. The sample of this study was processed from annual report data of Indonesian Trade Sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, this is in accordance with the objectives of this study. The analytical method in this study uses panel data regression. The relationship between capital structure and financial performance will be revealed from this study. The independent variable is the capital structure will be proxied with a debt to equity ratio (DER), debt to asset ratio (DAR), and longterm debt ratio (LTDR). And for the dependent variable that is financial performance will be proxied by Return on Equity (ROE). Research on trade sector companies in Indonesia produces a R square model value of 0.9291 which means that 92.91% of financial performance is explained by the variables of this study.

The Growing Importance of the Economic Role of the Corporate Bond Market

The role of corporate bonds has expanded globally in the past decade, as they are an ideal financial instrument both for diversifying the liability structure of issuing companies and managing investors’ portfolios. An adequately developed, liquid corporate bond market has a beneficial effect on the functioning and transparency of the market mechanisms of the economy and can also strengthen the crisis resilience of the financial system. Several studies have shown that – in addition to the normal functioning of companies – the issue of corporate financing is also important in crisis management, as uncertainty during a crisis has a negative impact on the liquidity of bank lending, limiting companies’ funding options. In such a situation, it is therefore vital that companies can also rely on other forms of financing. Recognising this in the aftermath of the 2008–2009 economic crisis, central banks in a number of countries launched bond purchase programmes in order to start supporting the expansion of the corporate bond market. Thanks to the Bond Funding for Growth Scheme (BFGS) of the Magyar Nemzeti Bank (the Central Bank of Hungary, MNB), the Hungarian corporate bond market now offers a realistic financing alternative to bank loans for a wide range of companies.

Enterprises Liquidity Risk Assessment and Countermeasures under the Background of Equity Pledge — Take Yinyi as an Example

<p>After a large number of equity pledge in the listed companies, there may be excessive investment behaviour and the controlling shareholder encroachment on the company's interests, which will directly affect the liquidity of the enterprise, and may aggravate the liquidity risk of the enterprise to a certain extent. Therefore, after constructing the liquidity risk evaluation model, taking Yinyi as an example, it evaluates the liquidity risk of the enterprise before and after the equity pledge, and puts forward some suggestions, such as strengthening investment management to prevent over investment, improving the internal governance mechanism of the enterprise, optimizing the asset and liability structure of the enterprise and broadening the financing sources.</p>

The Impact of Bank's Asset and Liability Structure on their Profitability Regardless of Monetary Policy and Size: A Panel Analysis

The study examines the impact of bank's asset and liability structure on their profitability without monetary policy and size; the study utilizes panel data with cross section analysis on data of 10 unit banks according to the annual balance sheet & performance. The populations of the study are bank units listed on Egyptian Exchange (EGX), the study’s data collection covered the duration from 2008 till 2016. Eventually, the study ascertained that there is an impact of the bank's asset and liability structure on their profitability according to "Return on Asset" and "Return on Equity"; however, the interprets of bank's asset and liability structure for "Return on Equity" more that to "Return on Asset". Therefore, the banking units should work to maintain the optimal rate of the structure of the bank's assets and liabilities; this may be a potential research scope in banks.