On the Time Distribution of Supernova Antineutrino Flux

Neutrino leptonic flavor symmetry violation is the only evidence for physics beyond the standard model. Much of what we have learned on these particles is derived from the study of their natural sources, such as the Sun or core-collapse supernovae. Neutrino emission from supernovae is particularly interesting and leptonic flavor transformations in supernova neutrinos have attracted a lot of theoretical attention. Unfortunately, the emission of core-collapse supernovae is not fully understood: thus, an inescapable preliminary step to progress is to improve on that, and future neutrino observations can help. One pressing and answerable question concerns the time distribution of the supernova anti-neutrino events. We propose a class of models of the time distribution that describe emission curves similar to those theoretically expected and consistent with available observations from the data of supernova SN1987A. They have the advantages of being motivated on physical bases and easy to interpret; they are flexible and adaptable to the results of the observations from a future galactic supernova. Important general characteristics of these models are the presence of an initial ramp and that a significant portion of the signal is in the first second of the emission.

Finding the evidence for practice in social work

© 2013, IGI Global. The revolution in information technologies, in particular the growth of the Internet and greater access to computers, has given social workers unprecedented access to information resources. Researching such resources is crucial and it needs to be done efficiently. Planning an efficient search requires knowing which databases and other resources to use, knowing how to formulate an answerable question, identifying terms that inform the question, selecting the appropriate methodological filters, and being able to critically appraise evidence for its quality and relevance. This chapter, therefore, outlines some of the research sources available to social workers, it looks at some principles for finding information for practice in social work, and it outlines some criteria for evaluating the quality of that information.

Finding the evidence for practice in social work

© 2013, IGI Global. The revolution in information technologies, in particular the growth of the Internet and greater access to computers, has given social workers unprecedented access to information resources. Researching such resources is crucial and it needs to be done efficiently. Planning an efficient search requires knowing which databases and other resources to use, knowing how to formulate an answerable question, identifying terms that inform the question, selecting the appropriate methodological filters, and being able to critically appraise evidence for its quality and relevance. This chapter, therefore, outlines some of the research sources available to social workers, it looks at some principles for finding information for practice in social work, and it outlines some criteria for evaluating the quality of that information.

Asking the Right Questions

This chapter provides a guide to the first core skill of evidence-based practice (EBP): formulating a specific, answerable question. This skill lies at the heart of accessing the best available research. To practice EBP clinicians must first form an answerable clinical question; otherwise they will likely incur frustration and waste time once they embark on their literature search. The chapter introduces several types of questions, including background and foreground questions. The chapter also provides step-by-step instructions for formulating clinical questions using the PICO format, which encourages clinicians to identify the patient, intervention, comparison, and outcomes relevant to the patient. It concludes with a discussion of how to ensure that questions reflect the patient’s preferences and how to prioritize questions.

Finding the Evidence for Practice in Social Work

The revolution in information technologies, in particular the growth of the Internet and greater access to computers, has given social workers unprecedented access to information resources. Researching such resources is crucial and it needs to be done efficiently. Planning an efficient search requires knowing which databases and other resources to use, knowing how to formulate an answerable question, identifying terms that inform the question, selecting the appropriate methodological filters, and being able to critically appraise evidence for its quality and relevance. This chapter, therefore, outlines some of the research sources available to social workers, it looks at some principles for finding information for practice in social work, and it outlines some criteria for evaluating the quality of that information.

Astragalusin the Prevention of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection in Children with Nephrotic Syndrome: Evidence-Based Clinical Practice

Aims. To explore whetherAstragalusor its formulations could prevent upper respiratory infection in children with nephrotic syndrome and how best to use it.Methods. We transformed a common clinical question in practice to an answerable question according to the PICO principle. Databases, including the Cochrane Library (Issue 5, 2012), PUBMED (1966–2012.8), CBM (1978–2012.8), VIP (1989–2012.8), and CNKI (1979–2012.8), were searched to identify Cochrane systematic reviews and clinical trials. Then, the quality of and recommendations from the clinical evidence were evaluated using the GRADEpro software.Results. The search yielded 537 papers. Only two studies with high validity were included for synthesis calculations. The results showed thatAstragalusgranules could effectively reduce URTI in children with nephrotic syndrome compared with prednisone treatment alone (23.9% versus 42.9%; RR = 0.56 and 95% CI = 0.33–0.93). The dose ofAstragalusgranules was 2.25 gram (equivalent to 15 gram crudeAstragalus) twice per day, at least for 3–6 months. The level of evidence quality was low, but we still recommended the evidence to the patient according to GRADEpro with the opinion of the expert. Followup showed the incidence of URTI in this child decreased significantly.Conclusions.Astragalusgranules may reduce the incidence of URTI in children with nephrotic syndrome.

Writing your research proposal

In many ways it’s a reflection of yourself as a researcher and an insight into your proposed work. A poorly written proposal has the ability to wreck a project and embarrass the researcher before it has even begun. Similarly, a well-constructed proposal bodes well for the success of the project and displays the researcher in a good light amongst their peers and supervisors. The research proposal identifies: • What the topic is, both in terms of background and the individual area of interest. • What you plan to accomplish and why it needs doing. • What in particular you are trying to find out, i.e. the research question. • How you will get the answer to your question, i.e. your methodology. • What others will learn from it and why it is worth learning. • How long it will take. • How much money it will cost. Through your research proposal you are attempting to convince potential supporters that your project is worth doing, you are scientifically competent to run it, and are in possession of the necessary management skills to ensure its completion. The proposal concisely describes the key elements of the study process, although in sufficient depth to permit evaluation. It is a stand-alone document that must contain evidence of an answerable question, demonstrate your grasp of the literature, and also clearly show that your methodology is sound. A research time-table is required to demonstrate a realistic appreciation of how the study will progress through time. The research proposal serves many purposes to many different parties. Amongst these purposes, some of the key ones are: • Acting as a route map and timetable for all involved in your project. • Giving a clear overview of your planned work to ensure favourable decision at ethical review. • Gaining funding to carry out your proposed study. • Securing a place to undertake a higher scientific degree. • Being an opportunity to ‘blow your own trumpet’ on paper. Although there are several bodies who will be obliged to see your proposal, there is a reasonable chance it will end up being wider read than this, so a coherent piece of work will reflect well on you.

The practice of evidence-based psychiatry today

SummaryResearch that should change clinical practice is often ignored for years. Fifty-five new trials are reported in medicine every day. Psychiatrists need to have some way to sift, digest and act on new research to benefit their patients. This article outlines the key elements of evidence-based psychiatry in an attempt to address these needs. Initially, an evidence-based approach is about asking an answerable question, searching for the evidence and then critically appraising the available information for its validity and relevance. The fourth step involves integrating the evidence with clinical expertise and the patient's values. The whole idea is to improve real-life patient care. This article outlines a number of the tools needed to overcome some of the common problems that psychiatrists face when trying to find and use published research results to help solve patients' problems.