The role of structural ambiguity in sentence comprehension

Being a linguistic phenomenon ambiguity has several types which are realized in speech act. Structural or syntactic ambiguity is of particular importance in the understanding of a sentence and arises through prosodic means such as stress, intonation, pause, and syntagm. The different division of the syntagm leads to the interpretation of the sentence in two or more senses. Transformative grammar also contributed to the study of ambiguity in language. The formation of the sentence, its grammatical structure and the meaning it expresses form the basis for the surface structure. Structural ambiguity has always been the focus of psycholinguists which is also called "sytactic parsing". Parsing affects the auxiliary words and various morphemes used in the sentence and at the same time leads to the deceptive syntactic analysis. Since the deep structure has more meanings and the surface structure is conditioned by the sound of the sentence, the surface and deep structure ambiguity is the V Respublika Elmi Qaynaqlar Konfransının Materialları / 02 noyabr 2021 Materials of the V Republican Conference of Scientific Sources / 02 November, 2021 DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/2021/02/05 6 most reliable form of communication between words in a sentence. Both surfices in ambiguous sentences differ mainly in the information given and this happens when a word performs several grammatical functions in a sentence. Key words: syntactic ambiguity, parsing, syntagm, context, prepositional phrases

The role of structural ambiguity in sentence comprehension

Being a linguistic phenomenon ambiguity has several types which are realized in speech act. Structural or syntactic ambiguity is of particular importance in the understanding of a sentence and arises through prosodic means such as stress, intonation, pause, and syntagm. The different division of the syntagm leads to the interpretation of the sentence in two or more senses. Transformative grammar also contributed to the study of ambiguity in language. The formation of the sentence, its grammatical structure and the meaning it expresses form the basis for the surface structure. Structural ambiguity has always been the focus of psycholinguists which is also called "sytactic parsing". Parsing affects the auxiliary words and various morphemes used in the sentence and at the same time leads to the deceptive syntactic analysis. Since the deep structure has more meanings and the surface structure is conditioned by the sound of the sentence, the surface and deep structure ambiguity is the V Respublika Elmi Qaynaqlar Konfransının Materialları / 02 noyabr 2021 Materials of the VI Republican Conference of Scientific Sources / 02 November, 2021 DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/2021/02/05 6 most reliable form of communication between words in a sentence. Both surfices in ambiguous sentences differ mainly in the information given and this happens when a word performs several grammatical functions in a sentence. Key words: syntactic ambiguity, parsing, syntagm, context, prepositional phrases

Nuclear Fallout: The Senate’s Cloture Threshold and Nomination Votes

In November of 2013, Majority Leader Harry Reid and his Democratic colleagues employed a series of parliamentary steps to change the precedent for cloture with respect to presidential nominations. This so called “nuclear option” reduced the threshold for cloture on presidential nominations (except for those to the US Supreme Court) to a simple majority, rather than the 60 votes necessary in the past. The paper examines how this change affected senators’ voting behavior on both cloture and confirmation of presidential nominations, using the 113th Senate as a natural experimental setting. We find that Republican senators are significantly more likely to vote against cloture in the wake of this change, presumably as symbolic votes of protest against the Democrats’ reversal of longstanding precedent. On the whole, the Republican conference votes against cloture, even when they vote overwhelmingly in favor of the nominee on the final confirmation vote. This suggests that cloture may not represent a sincere objection to the nominee in the post-nuclear Senate.

Ryan speakership is unlikely to unify US Republicans

Significance Ryan's predecessor, John Boehner, was driven to resign by hardliner members of the House Republican Conference. Party disunity during the Boehner speakership led to legislative gridlock, political brinkmanship and repeated threats of a government shutdown, which occurred in October 2013. A majority of voters blamed the Republicans for the 2013 shutdown and the federal elections in 2016 add a degree of urgency to Ryan's unifying mission in the House. Impacts Ryan will lose political capital in negotiations ahead of the December 11 government shutdown deadline. Inaction on immigration reform in Congress will boost Democrats in the 2016 elections with the Latino vote. Republicans do not seek a greater US role in Syria and Iraq, and will limit themselves to criticism of the White House.

A Troika of Fellows

This year was an unusual one for the APSA Congressional Fellowship Program—three fellows were placed with the same congressional office. The fact that three fellows, each with very different backgrounds, were drawn to the Senate Finance Committee, says something about the unique role that the committee plays in congressional policymaking. As one of the “A”s of the four “Super-A” committees, along with Appropriations, Armed Services, and Foreign Relations, the Senate Finance Com-mittee is one of the committee assignments most sought after by Senators. Its vast policy jurisdiction enables members to affect many different parts of the economy, society, and government. In addition to Chairman Baucus, the majority membership of the committee includes chairs of six other committees: Senators John Kerry of Foreign Relations; Jeff Bingaman of Energy and Natural Resources; John D. Rockefeller of Commerce, Science, and Transportation; Debbie Stabenow of Agriculture and Forestry; Kent Conrad of Budget; and Chuck Schumer who serves both as chairman of the Rules Committee and the Democratic Policy and Communications Center. On the minority side, in addition to the ranking member, Senator Orrin Hatch, the panel includes three ranking members of other committees: Senators Chuck Grassley of Judiciary, Olympia Snowe of Small Business, and Mike Enzi of Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. They serve alongside with the Republican Whip Senator Jon Kyl, the Republican Conference Chair John Thune, and the Republican Senatorial Campaign Committee Chairman John Cornyn of Texas. This concentration of senatorial experience testifies to the importance of the work undertaken by the Finance Committee.