The role of structural ambiguity in sentence comprehension

Author(s):  
Leyla Musa qızı Xanbutayeva ◽  

Being a linguistic phenomenon ambiguity has several types which are realized in speech act. Structural or syntactic ambiguity is of particular importance in the understanding of a sentence and arises through prosodic means such as stress, intonation, pause, and syntagm. The different division of the syntagm leads to the interpretation of the sentence in two or more senses. Transformative grammar also contributed to the study of ambiguity in language. The formation of the sentence, its grammatical structure and the meaning it expresses form the basis for the surface structure. Structural ambiguity has always been the focus of psycholinguists which is also called "sytactic parsing". Parsing affects the auxiliary words and various morphemes used in the sentence and at the same time leads to the deceptive syntactic analysis. Since the deep structure has more meanings and the surface structure is conditioned by the sound of the sentence, the surface and deep structure ambiguity is the V Respublika Elmi Qaynaqlar Konfransının Materialları / 02 noyabr 2021 Materials of the VI Republican Conference of Scientific Sources / 02 November, 2021 DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/2021/02/05 6 most reliable form of communication between words in a sentence. Both surfices in ambiguous sentences differ mainly in the information given and this happens when a word performs several grammatical functions in a sentence. Key words: syntactic ambiguity, parsing, syntagm, context, prepositional phrases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leyla Musa qızı Xanbutayeva ◽  

Being a linguistic phenomenon ambiguity has several types which are realized in speech act. Structural or syntactic ambiguity is of particular importance in the understanding of a sentence and arises through prosodic means such as stress, intonation, pause, and syntagm. The different division of the syntagm leads to the interpretation of the sentence in two or more senses. Transformative grammar also contributed to the study of ambiguity in language. The formation of the sentence, its grammatical structure and the meaning it expresses form the basis for the surface structure. Structural ambiguity has always been the focus of psycholinguists which is also called "sytactic parsing". Parsing affects the auxiliary words and various morphemes used in the sentence and at the same time leads to the deceptive syntactic analysis. Since the deep structure has more meanings and the surface structure is conditioned by the sound of the sentence, the surface and deep structure ambiguity is the V Respublika Elmi Qaynaqlar Konfransının Materialları / 02 noyabr 2021 Materials of the V Republican Conference of Scientific Sources / 02 November, 2021 DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/2021/02/05 6 most reliable form of communication between words in a sentence. Both surfices in ambiguous sentences differ mainly in the information given and this happens when a word performs several grammatical functions in a sentence. Key words: syntactic ambiguity, parsing, syntagm, context, prepositional phrases


2018 ◽  
pp. 35-38
Author(s):  
O. Hyryn

The article deals with natural language processing, namely that of an English sentence. The article describes the problems, which might arise during the process and which are connected with graphic, semantic, and syntactic ambiguity. The article provides the description of how the problems had been solved before the automatic syntactic analysis was applied and the way, such analysis methods could be helpful in developing new analysis algorithms. The analysis focuses on the issues, blocking the basis for the natural language processing — parsing — the process of sentence analysis according to their structure, content and meaning, which aims to analyze the grammatical structure of the sentence, the division of sentences into constituent components and defining links between them.


Linguistica ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-21
Author(s):  
Olga Kunst Gnamuš

"The goal of theoretical linguistics is the discovery of facts that are crucial for determing the underlying structure of language and hidden abstract principles and laws" (Shaumyan, 1984: 239). There is a twofold relationship between facts and theory: on the one hand, a theory makes it possible to identify facts and to classify them into categories, but on the other hand there exist so-called symptomatic facts, which cannot be incorporated within the framework of an obsolete scientific para­ digm, but have a constructive value with respect to a new theory, since in the ways in which these facts appear they disclose abstract principles and laws which would ot­ herwise have remained hidden. In the development of science, the discovery of such facts is of exceptional importance. A new scientific paradigm originates from the contradiction which occurs between the discovery of a symptomatic fact (the latter presenting a previously hidden aspect of the phenomenon concerned) and the use of the explanatory methods of the old paradigm. The paradox lies in the fact that the symptomatic fact is opposed to these very, obsolete explanatory procedures, and, by its existence, reduces their validity. For this reason, such symptomatic facts are usually  reduced  to  "an  execption  which proves  the  rule".  Thus,  for  instance, Chomsky discovered the existence of deep structure by studying pairs of sentences such as John is easy to please, John is eager to please. But he described them in terms of the surface structure. It was only later that Fillmore (1968) introduced the basic concepts of deep-structure description by proving that, through the role of the surface structure subject, various semantic roles can be expressed, such as agent, pa­ tient and instrument.


2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (03) ◽  
pp. 263-273
Author(s):  
Bettina Bor ◽  
Miklós Könczöl

AbstractThis paper discusses the promises and limits of a Peircean semiotic approach to the concept of style in law. It does so in two steps: first (1) by identifying the place of style within the structure of law as a system of signs, then (2) by conceptualising the link between law and style in the thought of C.S. Peirce and highlighting some of the insights from a Peircean take on legal semiotics that may contribute to our understanding of the role of style in making meaning in law. It is argued that, for a Peircean analysis of law, three levels can be distinguished, from the ‘surface structure’ down to the ‘deep structure’. It is at the middle level (that of the ‘basic structure’) that a semiotic approach can yield coherent insights in terms of style, by examining the symbols and metaphors that make for the expressibility of ‘habits’, namely experience-based patterns of action and interpretation.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendi

Perkembangan studi linguistik di dalam penafsiran teks kitab suci memang masih lambat dan dalam tahap perkembangan. Tulisan ini adalah suatu penelitian untuk mengembangkan studi linguistik di dalam penafsiran teks kitab suci di Indonesia. Penulis memilih studi linguistik dengan pendekatan analisis wacana. Model analisis wacana yang digunakan adalah analisis colon yang diperkenalkan oleh Johanes P. Louw. Sampel teks yang digunakan adalah surat Filemon. Hasil penelitian ini akan mendapatkan struktur dan tema surat Filemon. Pendekatan analisis wacana menekankan semantik. Arti atau makna di dalam teks melampaui kata, frasa, dan kalimat (struktur mikro teks) sehingga fokus analisis sampai kepada keseluruhan wacana (struktur makro teks). Struktur makro teks melingkupi arti dari struktur mikro teks. Seorang penulis menulis teks mulai dari ide wacana yang kemudian secara sadar membangun ide tersebut dari struktur mikro teks yang dipilihnya. Dalam analisis colon, struktur makro teks yang terpenting adalah paragraf yang merupakan satu unit semantis yang dibangun dari beberapa kelompok colon (cluster) dan atau colons. Arti kata, frasa, klausa, dan kalimat tidak lepas dari isi semantis paragraf yang mewadahinya. Sementara, penafsir-penafsir lain lebih memprioritaskan penafsiran struktur mikro teks daripada makro teks. Wacana dianalisis mulai dari paragraf sampai frasa dan kata (top down). Unit semantis dalam bentuk kata, frasa, dan klausa akan dianalisis dengan kategori semantis, pengelompokkan kata (grouping of words atau immediate constituents), dan transformasi struktur luar (surface structure) ke dalam struktur dalam (deep structure). Unit semantis dalam bentuk paragraf akan dianalisis dengan metode analisis colon. Di dalam analisis colon, ada beberapa langkah yang akan diuraikan yaitu pertama, membuat struktur colon (syntactic structure) dari setiap paragraf dan terjemahan literal. Pengelompokkan kata akan terlihat di dalam struktur colon. Kedua, mencari isi semantis dari setiap colon atau kelompok (cluster) dengan menganalisis kata, frasa, dan colon. Ketiga, mencari hubungan semantis di antara colon atau kelompok di dalam satu paragraf yang sama. Keempat, menentukan tema atau ide utama (the pivot point) dari setiap paragraf. Berdasarkan analisis colon, ide utama atau tema surat ini adalah permohonan Rasul Paulus kepada Filemon untuk mengembalikan atau menerima kembali Onesimus sebagai saudara di dalam Kristus. Tema wacana ini menentukan struktur makro dan mikro teks ditulis oleh Rasul Paulus. Rasul Paulus mulai menulis dengan pembukaan yaitu sapaan dan salam kepada Filemon dan seluruh jemaatnya. Kemudian, Rasul Paulus menuliskan dasar permohonannya yaitu iman dan kasih Filemon yang selama ini sudah didengar olehnya. Lalu, Rasul Paulus menuliskan permohonannya bahwa Filemon bisa menerima kembali Onesimus. Terakhir, Rasul Paulus menuliskan penutup yaitu salam dan doa berkat kepada seluruh jemaat. Implikasi pastoral atau teologis yang bisa dipelajari adalah cara iman dan kasih diterapkan secara nyata di dalam persekutuan dan kehidupan seperti pengampunan dan rekonsiliasi relasi dengan orang lain yang sudah berbuat dosa. Pengalaman jatuh ke dalam dosa dan dipulihkan oleh Allah adalah pengalaman yang tidak mungkin dipisahkan dalam hidup ini. Oleh karena itu, persekutuan sesama orang percaya menjadi wadah atau alat anugerah bagi setiap orang percaya menghadapi berbagai godaan dosa. Secara khusus, penulis mengucap terima kasih kepada para mahasiswa STT Soteria Purwokerto terutama mereka yang sudah mengikuti kelas Studi dan Exegesis Perjanjian Baru. Mereka adalah orang (pembaca) pertama yang bersama penulis menggumuli teks ini selama 1 semester. Penulis juga mengucap terima kasih kepada isteri, Rina Mansyur, dan puteri, Filipe File Cendekia atas dukungan yang tiada taranya. Terakhir, penulis mengucapkan terima kasih kepada penerbitan Leutikaprio yang sudah bersedia mengedit dan menerbitkan buku ini.


Nanoscale ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 3790-3799
Author(s):  
Xinyao Ma ◽  
Xiaohong Zhu ◽  
Changxiong Huang ◽  
Zhen Li ◽  
Jun Fan

The puckered surface structure of black phosphorus endows it with distinctive biocompatibility.


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7450
Author(s):  
Citlalli Netzahualcoyotzi ◽  
Luis Miguel Rodríguez-Serrano ◽  
María Elena Chávez-Hernández ◽  
Mario Humberto Buenrostro-Jáuregui

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a crucial modulatory system in which interest has been increasing, particularly regarding the regulation of behavior and neuroplasticity. The adolescent–young adulthood phase of development comprises a critical period in the maturation of the nervous system and the ECS. Neurogenesis occurs in discrete regions of the adult brain, and this process is linked to the modulation of some behaviors. Since marijuana (cannabis) is the most consumed illegal drug globally and the highest consumption rate is observed during adolescence, it is of particular importance to understand the effects of ECS modulation in these early stages of adulthood. Thus, in this article, we sought to summarize recent evidence demonstrating the role of the ECS and exogenous cannabinoid consumption in the adolescent–young adulthood period; elucidate the effects of exogenous cannabinoid consumption on adult neurogenesis; and describe some essential and adaptive behaviors, such as stress, anxiety, learning, and memory. The data summarized in this work highlight the relevance of maintaining balance in the endocannabinoid modulatory system in the early and adult stages of life. Any ECS disturbance may induce significant modifications in the genesis of new neurons and may consequently modify behavioral outcomes.


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