A New Concept of Electronic Text Based on Semantic Coding System for Machine Translation

In the field of machine translation of texts, the ambiguity in both lexical (dictionary) and structural aspects is still one of the difficult problems. Researchers in this field use different approaches, the most important of which is machine learning in its various types. The goal of the approach that we propose in this article is to define a new concept of electronic text, which makes the electronic text free from any lexical or structural ambiguity. We used a semantic coding system that relies on attaching the original electronic text (via the text editor interface) with the meanings intended by the author. The author defines the meaning desired for each word that can be a source of ambiguity. The proposed approach in this article can be used with any type of electronic text (text processing applications, web pages, email text, etc.). Thanks to the approach that we propose and through the experiments that we have conducted using it, we can obtain a very high accuracy rate. We can say that the problem of lexical and structural ambiguity can be completely solved. With this new concept of electronic text, the text file contains not only the text but also with it the true sense of the exact meaning intended by the writer in the form of symbols. These semantic symbols are used during machine translation to obtain a translated text completely free of any lexical and structural ambiguity.

The role of structural ambiguity in sentence comprehension

Being a linguistic phenomenon ambiguity has several types which are realized in speech act. Structural or syntactic ambiguity is of particular importance in the understanding of a sentence and arises through prosodic means such as stress, intonation, pause, and syntagm. The different division of the syntagm leads to the interpretation of the sentence in two or more senses. Transformative grammar also contributed to the study of ambiguity in language. The formation of the sentence, its grammatical structure and the meaning it expresses form the basis for the surface structure. Structural ambiguity has always been the focus of psycholinguists which is also called "sytactic parsing". Parsing affects the auxiliary words and various morphemes used in the sentence and at the same time leads to the deceptive syntactic analysis. Since the deep structure has more meanings and the surface structure is conditioned by the sound of the sentence, the surface and deep structure ambiguity is the V Respublika Elmi Qaynaqlar Konfransının Materialları / 02 noyabr 2021 Materials of the V Republican Conference of Scientific Sources / 02 November, 2021 DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/2021/02/05 6 most reliable form of communication between words in a sentence. Both surfices in ambiguous sentences differ mainly in the information given and this happens when a word performs several grammatical functions in a sentence. Key words: syntactic ambiguity, parsing, syntagm, context, prepositional phrases

The role of structural ambiguity in sentence comprehension

Being a linguistic phenomenon ambiguity has several types which are realized in speech act. Structural or syntactic ambiguity is of particular importance in the understanding of a sentence and arises through prosodic means such as stress, intonation, pause, and syntagm. The different division of the syntagm leads to the interpretation of the sentence in two or more senses. Transformative grammar also contributed to the study of ambiguity in language. The formation of the sentence, its grammatical structure and the meaning it expresses form the basis for the surface structure. Structural ambiguity has always been the focus of psycholinguists which is also called "sytactic parsing". Parsing affects the auxiliary words and various morphemes used in the sentence and at the same time leads to the deceptive syntactic analysis. Since the deep structure has more meanings and the surface structure is conditioned by the sound of the sentence, the surface and deep structure ambiguity is the V Respublika Elmi Qaynaqlar Konfransının Materialları / 02 noyabr 2021 Materials of the VI Republican Conference of Scientific Sources / 02 November, 2021 DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/2021/02/05 6 most reliable form of communication between words in a sentence. Both surfices in ambiguous sentences differ mainly in the information given and this happens when a word performs several grammatical functions in a sentence. Key words: syntactic ambiguity, parsing, syntagm, context, prepositional phrases

The Logical Conscience

This paper suggests a way of avoiding two very implausible claims. These are the claim that all our beliefs about how we ought to act are true and the claim that there are two senses of ‘ought’, one subjective and the other objective. We avoid these claims by appeal to a distinction between wide and narrow scope which has application not merely to moral theory but also to the theory of rationality. For the same question arises: is it rational to do what one (perhaps falsely) believes it rational for one to do? The trick is to recognize a structural ambiguity.

Enhancing the interoperability of glycan data flow between ChEBI, PubChem, and GlyGen.

Glycans have a critical role in health and disease. As a direct result, there is keen interest to identify and increase glycan data in bioinformatics databases like ChEBI and PubChem, and in connecting them to biomedical resources at the EMBL-EBI and NCBI. GlyTouCan is a comprehensive archival database that contains over 118,000 glycans, obtained primarily through batch upload from glycan repositories, submissions from glycoprotein databases, and individual laboratories. In many instances, the glycan structures deposited in GlyTouCan may not be fully defined or have supporting experimental evidence or biological source content. Databases like ChEBI and PubChem were designed to accommodate complete atomistic structures with well-defined chemical linkages. As a result, they cannot easily accommodate the structural ambiguity inherent in many glycan database representations. Consequently, there is a need to organize glycan data coherently to improve the connectivity across the major NCBI, EMBL-EBI, and glycoscience databases. This paper outlines a workflow developed in collaboration between GlyGen, ChEBI, and PubChem to improve the visibility and connectivity of glycan data across these resources. GlyGen hosts a subset of glycans (~29,000) from the GlyTouCan database and has submitted valuable glycan annotations to the PubChem database and registered or mapped over 10,500 (including ambiguously defined) glycans into the ChEBI database. The integrated glycans were prioritized based on links to PubChem and connectivity to glycoprotein data. The pipeline provides a blueprint for how glycan data can be harmonized between different resources. The current PubChem, ChEBI, and GlyTouCan mappings can be downloaded from GlyGen(https://data.glygen.org).

Epítetos e insultos de grupo en español: Sobre una ambigüedad y sus implicaciones sintáctico-semánticas

In this paper, we further elaborate on a syntactic ambiguity between slurs and epithets first noticed in Orlando, Eleonora & Andrés Saab. 2020b. A stereotype semantics for syntactically ambiguous slurs. Analytic Philosophy 61(2). 101–129. Here, we discuss in detail the large theoretical implications of such an ambiguity both for the proper analysis of binominal constructions in Spanish (e.g., el idiota de Juan) and for the way in which it is advisable to model the expressive content slurs and certain epithets (those deriving from slurs) have. As for the first aspect, we contend that mainstream approaches in terms of predicate inversion for binominal constructions cannot account for why slurs lose their predicative import when occurring as epithets in binominal environments. In consequence, we propose a new analysis for epithets both in simple occurrences and in binominal constructions. This analysis derives the above-mentioned ambiguity as a type of structural ambiguity, according to which certain slurs can occur in predicative and in non-predicative positions. When they occur as predicates, they have a mixed semantics (McCready, Eric. 2010. Varieties of conventional implicatures. Semantics & Pragmatics 3. 1–57) reflected both in the truth-conditional and the expressive dimensions, but when they occur as epithets, the truth-conditional dimension is lost and only the expressive content survives. As for the second aspect, we defend a stereotype semantics, according to which stereotypes are modeled as Kratzerian modal bases (i.e., set of propositions) in virtue of which stigmatizing theories of human groups are reflected in a parallel, expressive dimension of meaning. This way of modeling some kinds of expressive contents explains how different slurs and epithets manage to communicate different theories about particular human groups, which are the target of derogation.

Lexical and Structural Ambiguity in Machine Translation: An Analytical Study

The aim of this study is to investigate the difficulties facing Machine Translation (Google) particularly those related to lexis and structure. The researcher has chosen randomly two English and two Arabic texts about various sorts of translation: Media, Scientific, General and Economic. They were taken from several sources (websites, magazine.) to be translated automatically (Google) and humanly from Arabic to English and vice versa. Then they were analyzed to see the challenges that face Machine Translation (Google). The results of the study indicate that MT is problematic and has many challenges concerning lexis such as (Deletions, non-vocalizations, multiple meanings, collocations, additions and acronyms) and syntax like: word order, verb-subject agreement, passive voice etc. On the basis of the results of the study, the researcher recommended that further work needs to be done to create a system that comprises syntax, morphology and semantics of all languages.

ON THE PARADOXICAL NATURE OF LAUGHTER IN THE LITERATURE OF THE XXTH CENTURY

The article deals with the attraction of the art of the 20th century to the paradox as a tool for understanding the absurdity of life. Paradox and laughter share their inherent structural ambiguity, pulsating ambivalence. Paradox and laughter are often a platform for the conflict of different logics - ordinary logic and “paralogy” (alogism). Consideration of the typology of objects of ridicule helps to reveal the paradoxical nature of laughter. At the same time, attention is drawn to two types of object: an integral system (institution, professional team, power institutions) and an individual person (in particular, an adventurous hero). It is interesting to study the paradoxical in the very fabric of a comic work. In particular, pleonasm is described as a component of the funny technique. It denotes a paradoxical contradiction between the necessary and the redundant in the description. Paradoxically, the two-dimensional texts associated with the laugh attitude, which are built on the model of the anti-genre, have a conflict-like nature: false panegyrics, anti-idylls, dystopias.